Dankali mai girma a Tajikistan, inda sama da 90% na yankin ke mamaye da duwatsu, yana da alaƙa da wasu matsaloli. Duk da haka, masu sana'ar noma sun dace da yanayi da yanayi ta hanyar haɗa hanyoyin aiki na kakanninsu da fasahar zamani. Sakamakon haka, sashin yana ci gaba a hankali, kuma ana samun nasarar samun nasarar ta ta hanyar ingantaccen manufofin aikin gona na hukumomi.
Zuwa sababbin dama
A yau, ana noman dankali a duk yankuna na Jamhuriyar Tajikistan, suna mamaye kananan yankuna a kan gonaki guda: daga 0,1 zuwa 0,5 hectare. Tare da canje-canjen al'adun abinci na mutanen gida, wannan amfanin gona na tuber daidai ya fara kiransa burodi na biyu. Kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, noman dankalin turawa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sassan samar da amfanin gona.
"Tun daga 2018, an sami karuwar yawan amfanin gona," in ji shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayoyin halitta da shuka shuka a Cibiyar Botany, Physiology da Plant Genetics na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Tajikistan, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Kimiyya, Farfesa RAE Kurbonali Partoev. – Amma ci gaban da farko shi ne saboda fadada yankin dasa. Hanyar noma mai yawa ba ta da tasiri, musamman a yanayin zafi da rashin filin ban ruwa. Don haka, masana kimiyya da manoma za su sami sabbin damammaki don karfafa aikin noma nan gaba kadan.
Matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata ya bambanta tsakanin 21,8-22,3 t/ha, kuma yankin da ke karkashinsa ya karu daga hekta dubu 41 zuwa 57. A wannan mataki, sama da kashi 6% na duk filayen ban ruwa a Tajikistan suna mamaye da dankali. A kowace shekara kasar na samar da tsakanin tan miliyan 1-1,1 na kayayyakin, wanda kusan ton dubu 130 kayan iri ne.
"Rashin dankalin abinci shine ton dubu 15-18 a kowace shekara," in ji Mataimakin Babban Darakta na Bokhtar Sozanda LLC, wakilin kungiyar Agribusiness na yankin Khatlon, dan takarar kimiyyar noma. kimiyyar Safarali Oripov. - A yanzu, muna yin kasawa ta hanyar kayayyaki na yau da kullun daga wasu ƙasashe, alal misali, Pakistan, Rasha, Belarus. Amma ya zama dole mu bunkasa noman kanmu domin tabbatar da wadatar abinci a jamhuriyarmu.
Wannan ƙayyadaddun
Dangane da yanayin yankuna, ana shuka nau'ikan amfanin gona na lokuta daban-daban na lokacin girma. Alal misali, a cikin yankin Khatlon - dankalin farko, a cikin Gissar Valley da Gorno-Badakhshan mai cin gashin kansa - tsakiyar farkon, a cikin yankin Tajikabad - marigayi.
"Daga cikin shahararrun iri akwai Picasso, Tajikistan, Big Rose, Red Scarlett, Gala, Cosmos," in ji Safarali Oripov. – Manoma suna daidai da buƙatar nau'ikan zaɓi na Dutch da Jamusanci da waɗanda masana kimiyya suka ƙirƙira bisa na ƙasashen waje. Kazalika nau'ikan da aka kirkira tare da haɗin gwiwar masu shayarwa na Cibiyar Dankali ta Duniya daga Peru.
"Na yi shekaru shida ina noman dankalin iri na Rasht, Tajikistan, Faizabad a yankin Rasht na jamhuriyar," in ji shugaban gonar. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. – Jimillar filayen noman hekta shida ne, kuma akwai nau’in masara guda biyar da nau’in wake uku da ake nomawa. Lokacin da suke noman ƙananan filaye, manoma sukan zaɓi amfanin gona na leguminous waɗanda ke wadatar da ƙasa da nitrogen don tabbatar da jujjuya amfanin gona.
A yankunan da ke da yanayi mai zafi, gami da Rasht Valley, yankin Shahristan da Kukhistani Mastchokh (Mountain Mastcha), ana samun yawan amfanin gona. Manoman da suka ci gaba da aiki a wadannan wuraren suna tattara har ton 45-50 na tubers daga kowace kadada.
"Shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, na shuka dankali a yankin Vanj na jamhuriyar a kan wani yanki mai girman kadada hudu," in ji tsohon manomi, shugaban shirye-shiryen ci gaba a gidauniyar Aga Khan. Imatbek Nikhmonov. – A gona ta, an ba da fifiko ga irin Tajik, Rashanci, Turai, Pakistan, kuma matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona ya kai ton 35 zuwa 40 a kowace kadada.
"Farkon dankali, wanda muke samu a kudancin kasar," in ji Safarali Oripov, - dasa a watan Disamba kuma a girbe a watan Mayu. A watan Agusta, ana sake dasa shuki ta amfani da seedlingsan da aka girma a baya a cikin greenhouses. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a tono dankali kafin sanyi na farko. Amma a cikin tuddai da tsaunin tuddai, masu samarwa suna girbe amfanin gona ɗaya kawai na tubers
Masana'antar greenhouse tana haɓaka sosai a Tajikistan, tare da halartar masu noman dankalin turawa kai tsaye. Fim ɗin na musamman wanda suke rufe filayensu ya ba su damar kare shuka daga raɓar safiya da kuma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na bazara. Sau da yawa, masu samarwa suna kiyaye tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin fim har sai girbi, don haka tono tubers ya fara kwanaki 10-12 a baya.
Jakuna, bijimai, ramukan ban ruwa
A cikin kasuwancin noma na ƙasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya, rabon aikin hannu yana da yawa a al'ada. Kuma dalilin ba koyaushe ne tsadar injuna da na'urori ba.
"Yawancin gonaki a cikin jamhuriyar an samar da su da dukkan nau'ikan kayan aiki daga manyan masana'antun," in ji shi Safarali Oripov. – Godiya ga goyon bayan jihar, tsarin ba da hayar aikin gona yana aiki sosai. Lokacin dasawa, ana amfani da injunan da ake yi a Turai, da na Rasha lokacin girbi. A cikin tsaunuka, inda ake noma ƙananan yankuna kuma inda kayan aiki na yau da kullun ba za su iya isa ba, ƙananan injiniyoyi suna ceton rana. Amma sau da yawa ana shuka amfanin gona kuma a haƙa da hannu, kuma ana yin noman tazarar layi tare da taimakon dawakai.
"Duk aikin banda noma," in ji manajan gonar Mulloidi Safarov, - muna yin wasan tare da taimakon dabbobin gida: jakuna, bijimai da dawakai. A cikin wuraren tsaunuka ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da hanyoyin ba. Amma hanyoyinmu suna da aminci ga muhalli kuma suna ba mu damar adana tsarin ƙasa.
"Kamar dai shekaru 100 da suka gabata, manoma Tajik suna yin aikin hannu da yawa," in ji Dzhumabek Abdulloev. – Noma karamin gona ba shi da wahala da daukar lokaci. Ko da yake ba za mu ƙi ƙananan kayan aikin zamani waɗanda suka dace da yanayinmu ba.
"A yankin Gorno-Badakhshan mai cin gashin kansa, ana amfani da taraktoci don noman noma, harrowing da noma tsakanin layi," in ji. Imatbek Nikhmonov. – Kuma a lokacin shuka da girbi, ana amfani da bijimai na musamman na aiki, kamar yadda kakanninmu suka taɓa yi.
Ana noman dankali a Tajikistan ne kawai a ƙarƙashin ban ruwa. Duk da haka, ba a cika shigar da kayan aikin ban ruwa na zamani a gonaki ba. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar manyan masana'antun masana'antu masu girma da wadata. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ruwa yana gudana zuwa filayen ta hanyar nauyi, ta hanyar sadarwar da aka riga aka haƙa na canals - ditches. Idan kuma babu jikkunan ruwa a kusa, manoman suna hako rijiyoyi suna fitar da ruwa daga zurfin mita 60-80.
Kimiyya da aiki
A cikin jamhuriyar, wuraren da aka ware don dasa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona suna girma kowace shekara. Aiki a kan halittar su, ma'aikatan Cibiyar Botany, Physiology da Plant Genetics na National Academy of Sciences na Tajikistan nuna kyakkyawan sakamako. An riga an gabatar da ire-iren fa'izabad, Rasht, Tajikistan, Zarina, Ovchi, Shukrona, Nurinisso, Surkhob, AN-1, Muhabbat da sauransu a kasuwa.
"Gwamnatinmu ta amince da jerin kamfanonin iri da ke aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya," in ji shi Safarali Oripov.- Super elite da elite suna girma a cikin filayen Cibiyar, sa'an nan kuma an tura kayan zuwa gonakin iri a yankuna daban-daban, inda aka yada shi har sai farkon haifuwa.
Hukumomin kasar suna baiwa masu noman iri duk wani tallafi da ya kamata. Kowace shekara, ana siyan dankalin iri daga kasafin kuɗi kuma ana rarraba su ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Noma ta Republican a tsakanin gonaki na musamman. Kuma kawai a karshen kakar wasa, bayan girbi, suna biyan bashin jihar da kayayyakin, kuma suna amfani da sauran kayan amfanin gona don sayarwa da bukatun kansu.
"Kusan kashi 90% na iri ana shuka su ne a yankin tsaunuka na jamhuriyar," in ji Kurbonali Partoev. – A tsawon tsayin mita dubu 1,8 zuwa sama da teku, ba a taba samun cututtuka da kwari da ke dauke da cututtukan shuka ba. Misali, yankin Kuhistoni Mastchokh ya cika dukkan sharuddan samar da kayan iri masu inganci.
Ajiye ko siyarwa
Matsalar adana amfanin gona na da matukar wahala musamman a yanayi mai zafi, amma masu noman dankalin turawa na gida suna samun hanyar fita daga halin da ake ciki tare da karancin farashi.
"A cikin yankuna na jamhuriyar, inda mafi yawan yankuna ke mamaye da amfanin gona, ribar masu noma ta fi girma," ya bayyana halin da ake ciki. Imatbek Nikhmonov. "Wannan yana nufin za su iya kashe kuɗi don gina wuraren ajiya na zamani, misali, ta hanyar haɗin kai a cikin ƙungiyoyin manoma." Kuma a cikin wuraren tsaunuka har yanzu suna amfani da ɗakunan ajiya na kakanni, wanda zai iya ɗaukar nauyin 10-15 ton na samfurori.
"Kamfanin ajiyar dankalin turawa na yana tsaye a cikin ƙasa kai tsaye, a zurfin mita biyu, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa ton takwas na dankali," in ji shi. Mulloidi Safarov. - Ginin sa bai buƙaci manyan zuba jari ba, kuma yana yiwuwa ya haifar da yanayi mafi kyau don adana tubers.
"Na yi nasarar adana dankalin da aka girbe a cikin ginshiki," in ji shi. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. “Tare da adadin kayan da muke samarwa, ba a buƙatar manyan ɗakunan ajiya, kuma babu wata fa’ida a kashe kuɗi don ƙirƙirar su.
Ana sayar da dankalin turawa musamman tare da taimakon masu shiga tsakani. Matsakaici da manyan gonaki, idan ana so, sayar da wani ɓangare na girbin ga mabukaci na ƙarshe ko kai shi ga kantunan dillalai.
"Manoma ba su da lokacin zama a kan tebur," in ji Safarali Oripov. “Masu siyarwa suna zuwa wurinsu, suna ɗaukar dankalin turawa daga filin da yawa kuma suna sayar da su ta hanyar nasu don ƙari. A gefe guda, masana'antun suna asarar wani ɓangare na ribar da suke samu, a gefe guda, suna kawar da haɗarin da ke tattare da tsarin adana kayayyaki.
Ƙarfafawa cikin aiki
Tare da goyon bayan hukumomin Tajikistan, ana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa a cikin jamhuriyar zuwa aikin noma. Tsarin majalissar da aka amince da shi a matakin mafi girma yana bayyana kwatancenta a fili.
"A hankali muna watsi da ilmin sinadarai a duk bayyanarsa," in ji Safarali Oripov. – Sakamakon haka, yawan amfani da takin zamani a kasar nan yana karuwa. Rabon samfuran kariyar shukar sinadarai da ake amfani da su na raguwa. Ta hanyar rage yiwuwar haifar da illa ga mutane da yanayi, masu samar da noma suna ƙaurace wa noman tarakta da jiragen sama na gonaki. Babban makasudin irin wannan manufar shi ne a samu kayayyakin amfanin gona masu kare muhalli da aminci.
"Lokacin da nake noman dankali, ina ƙoƙarin yin amfani da takin gargajiya da farko," in ji Mulloidi Safarov. – Na shirya musamman Organic takin da kaina. Kuma a cikin takin ma'adinai, nitroammophoska kawai ana amfani da shi, sannan a cikin ƙananan yawa.
Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa da amfanin gona. Lokacin amfani da kwayoyin halitta, dankali da kayan lambu suna girma kwanaki 8-10 kafin jadawalin, dandano, rayuwar shiryayye da jigilar kayayyaki sun inganta..
Lallai munanan nasarori har yanzu suna nan tafe. Kuma masu noman dankalin turawa ta Tajik za su yi aiki tuƙuru don ɗaukan ƙaramin sashin zuwa wani sabon mataki.
"Tare da adadin dankalin turawa na shekara-shekara na kimanin kilo 92 ga kowane mutum, Jamhuriyar na bukatar samar da fiye da ton miliyan na tubers a kowace shekara," in ji shi. Kurbonali Partoev, – Saboda haka, nan gaba ana shirin fadada yankin da ake nomawa zuwa hekta dubu 60 da kuma kara yawan amfanin gona zuwa ton 23-25 a kowace kadada. Don magance wadannan matsalolin, manoma suna bukatar su mai da hankali wajen bullo da sabbin fasahohi da fasahohin noma, da mu’amala da kimiyya da ci gaba da aiki kan ingancin kayayyakinsu.
Irina Berg