Kwararru daga kamfanin na watan Agusta sun bayyana mana irin cututtukan da suka shafi shukar ne suka haddasa babbar illa ga noman kasar Rasha a bana. Ruwan sanyi da sanyi a yankuna da dama ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa, wanda zai iya hana manoma samun girbin su. Ophiobosis na alkama yana saurin yaduwa a cikin filayen - a wannan shekara an rubuta cutar fungal ba kawai a kudu ba, har ma a cikin Tsakiyar Black Earth Region. Yawan danshi a yankin Kursk da yankunan da ke makwabtaka ya ba da izinin mildew powdery don cutar da kunnuwan hatsi. A lokaci guda kuma, babbar matsalar manoma a Gundumar Tarayya ta Kudu - fari - ta iyakance yaduwar cutar hatsi mafi hatsari - fusarium, wanda a cikin yanayin al'ada zai iya sa hatsi ya zama guba saboda mycotoxins. Koyaya, adadin tallace-tallace na fungicides daga manyan masu samar da magungunan kashe qwari guda 10 a Rasha a farkon rabin shekarar 2020 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a cikin 2019 ya karu daga biliyan 17 zuwa biliyan 21 rubles (ban da VAT): manoman cikin gida suna kashe kuɗi da yawa don yin hakan. kula da yawan amfanin ƙasa .
A cikin 2020, masu samar da noma daga yankunan Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, da Bryansk sun sake fuskantar barkewar cutar bacteriosis na dankalin turawa, wanda akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan 7. Masana ilimin tsirrai sun yi imanin cewa babban dalilin ci gaban cututtuka shine ƙarancin ingancin kayan iri a Rasha: manoma sukan sayi dankalin da suka kamu da cutar daga juna, suna haɓaka yankin su. Kuma waɗancan manoman da suka ƙara mai da hankali kan ingancin samfur a yau suna duba samfuran iri 50-70 kafin siyan su, amma nazarin gani yana taimakawa wajen yanke samfuran ruɓe kawai.
"A yau ba shi yiwuwa a gano kamuwa da cuta ta latent tare da bacteriosis ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da GOST ya tanada, wanda dankalin dankali dole ne ya bi," in ji Dmitry Belov, shugaban sashen bunkasa samfurori na kamfanin Avgust. - Lokacin aiki na cutar zai iya farawa tare da ci gaban tushe - daga mahaifiyar tuber ko ma daga sabon tuber. Blackleg, wanda kwayoyin halittar Pectobacterium da Dickeya ke haifarwa, ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana da yawa a gonaki masu zaman kansu. Wasu lokuta cututtuka suna bayyana a matakin seedling, amma tsire-tsire bazai bayyana ba - mun lura da wannan sabon abu a kan kadada da yawa a yankin Moscow shekaru uku da suka wuce. Matsalar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma a wannan shekara ana bayyana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta musamman saboda yanayin yanayi - yawan danshi da sanyin bazara a cikin manyan yankunan da ake noman dankalin turawa. Dankalin da bacteriosis ya shafa zai iya "zuba" kawai a lokacin ajiya - wani lokacin wannan yana faruwa ga dukan ɗakunan ajiya.
A yankin Kudancin Kudancin wannan kakar an sami bullar cutar ophiobolosis na alkama. Wannan cuta ce ta fungal tare da taga mai faɗi sosai na lalacewar amfanin gona: yana iya bayyana kansa daga kashi na uku na ganye da lokacin tillering (samuwar harbe a cikin hatsi) zuwa lokacin booting, wanda ke haifar da dakatarwar abinci mai gina jiki da shuka. , musamman, kunne mai tasowa. Cutar tana da wuyar ganewa: a matakin farko yana rikicewa tare da rhizoctonia tushen rot, wanda ke shafar amfanin gona a Gundumar Tarayya ta Kudancin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke lalata tushen tsarin kuma yana daɗaɗa abinci mai gina jiki na shuka, amma. sakamakon ya takaita ga wannan. Ophiobosis a mafi yawan lokuta yana haifar da asara mai yawa, kuma lalacewa daga gare ta na iya kaiwa zuwa 30% na amfanin gona. Cutar ta yadu da sauri a cikin filayen - kusan kashi 10% na yankin suna kamuwa da cutar kowace shekara. Wannan matsala ta fi dacewa ga yankin Stavropol; an tsananta shi a yankin Krasnodar, kuma a cikin 2019-2020. An fara yin rikodin shari'o'in keɓance a cikin Tsakiyar Baƙi na Duniya.
Yaɗuwar cutar, in ji ƙwararrun masana daga kamfanin na Agusta, ana sauƙaƙe da farko ta hanyar cin zarafi na jujjuya amfanin gona, lokacin da ake noman hatsi a wurare iri ɗaya kowace shekara. Babu ingantattun hanyoyin sinadarai na kariya daga ophiobolosis, amma kamfanin ya ba da shawarar hana ci gabansa tare da masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma amfani da fungicides akan sauran ƙwayoyin cuta a farkon bazara - rigakafin shuke-shuke da ba su da sauran cututtuka suna jure wa ophiobolism mafi kyau.
A wannan shekara yankunan Kursk, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaliningrad da Voronezh, da kuma Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan, sun fuskanci matsaloli tare da powdery mildew, wanda aka yi la'akari da al'ada daya daga cikin cututtuka na yau da kullum na hatsi. Ana samun kusan ko'ina akan hatsin hunturu kuma yana tasowa a cikin yanayin amfanin gona mai yawa, ƙarancin zafi, da isassun kayan damshi da taki. Tare da karuwar yawan zafin jiki da rage yawan danshi, yawanci a watan Mayu, cutar "ta tafi" da kanta - musamman a kudancin Rasha. Amma a wannan shekara, alal misali, a cikin yankin Kursk yawan danshi bai ragu ba, cutar ta fara kusantar kunnuwa kuma manoma sun fara maganin fungicidal. Dalilai guda ɗaya a cikin yankuna na sama sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar mildew na waken soya - wannan cuta na iya lalata har zuwa 20% na amfanin gona.
Sau da yawa shuka sunflowers a cikin yanki ɗaya yana haifar da bayyanar cututtuka irin su tsatsa, Phomopsis, mildew downy, da kuma rots iri-iri - sclerotinia, botrytis. A al'adance, cututtuka na tsatsa sun zama ruwan dare ga yankunan Samara, Saratov, Voronezh da Volgograd, kuma a cikin 2020 yanayin yaduwar su bai canza ba.
Duk da haka, wani sabon abu sabon abu a wannan kakar shi ne marasa kamuwa da sunflower cututtuka, wato zazzabi konewa: sassa na shuke-shuke sun mutu ba tare da wani dalili ba, kuma gwaje-gwaje ba su nuna gaban kamuwa da cuta jamiái. An lura kusan ko'ina - daga Stavropol zuwa Volgograd.
Kuma wata cuta, wacce aka lura da ita a cikin 2020, ita ce tsatsa ta fis, wacce ta lalata amfanin gona daga Yankin Tsakiyar Baƙar fata zuwa Altai.
“Tsatsa ta fara bayyana a matsayin dige-dige-dige-launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa akan ganyen amfanin gona, kuma a lokacin girbi a cikin filayen fidda da suka kamu da cutar, gajimare na gaske suna tashi a bayan haduwar. Wannan kuma wata cuta ce ta fungi, wadda ta faru ne sakamakon ruwan sanyi a wurare da dama. Bugu da ƙari, ya bayyana kanta har ma a cikin yanayin fari a cikin yankunan da "ajiye" na kamuwa da cuta ya yi yawa, kamar yadda ya faru, musamman a Altai, "in ji Dmitry Belov.
Gabaɗaya, ƙwararren ya bayyana cewa babbar matsalar yawancin manoma a shekarar 2020 ba cutar da shuka ba ce, fari ne. Af, shi ne daidai saboda wannan cewa a wannan shekara amfanin gona ba su sha wahala daga irin wannan cuta mai hatsari kamar fusarium, wanda ba zai iya rage nauyin hatsi kawai ba, amma kuma ya sa ya zama mai haɗari ga lafiya saboda mycotoxins. Lokacin ƙayyade don ci gaban fusarium shine danshi a lokacin furen alkama - a cikin hanyar ruwan sama ko raɓa. Amma a cikin yanayin da babu hazo kwata-kwata, babu yanayin kamuwa da cuta. A baya can, wannan cuta ta haifar da lalacewa ga amfanin gona a cikin Kuban, Stavropol Territory, a cikin rukuni na yankuna na Tsakiyar Black Earth Region, da kuma Altai - daidai inda fari ya yi mulki a wannan kakar.
A gefe guda kuma, masana daga kamfanin na Agusta sun bayyana cewa a yankunan da akwai isasshen danshi (wannan shi ne, musamman, yankunan Moscow, Smolensk, da Bryansk), an lura da wuraren zama na amfanin gona na hunturu. Wannan a cikin kanta ba cuta ba ce: hatsi suna saukowa lokacin da kunne mai karfi ya samo asali a karkashin kyakkyawan abinci mai gina jiki, amma saboda yawan danshi, sel na tushe suna cikin rauni kuma ba za su iya jure wa iska ba. Don hana wannan, manoma suna amfani da masu kula da girma don ragewa da ƙarfafa tushe ta hanyar sanya ƙananan internodes kusa da juna. Amma idan ba a dauki matakan ba, to, lokacin da amfanin gona ke wurin zama, hatsin "yana zub da ruwa" ko kuma ya fara fitowa kai tsaye a cikin kunne, kuma kusancin hatsi zuwa ƙasa a matsayin tushen kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da cututtuka.
Dangane da yanayin karuwar cututtukan shuka da aka gano, yana nufin yaƙar su - fungicides - suna mamaye kasuwannin gida cikin sauri. Don haka, bisa ga 10 mafi girma masu samar da magungunan kashe qwari a Rasha, tallace-tallace na fungicides a farkon rabin 2020 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekara a baya ya karu da kusan kwata - daga biliyan 17 zuwa biliyan 21 rubles (ban da VAT). Don kwatanta: jimlar tallace-tallace na magungunan kashe qwari a farkon rabin shekara ya karu da 18% - daga 65 biliyan zuwa 77 biliyan rubles (ban da VAT).
"Kasuwa don maganin fungicides - magunguna da cututtuka na tsire-tsire - yana ci gaba da fadada," in ji Dmitry Belov. – A Turai, a cikin sharuddan kuɗi, ya fi girma fiye da kasuwa don samfuran sarrafa ciyawa - herbicides, yayin da a cikin Rasha shine tallace-tallacen su wanda har yanzu ya mamaye sashin gabaɗaya. A cikin ƙasashen Turai waɗanda ke da yawan aikin noma, ana aiwatar da jiyya na fungicidal har zuwa 4 a kowace kakar. A Rasha, a bara wannan adadin ya kai 1,5, watakila a wannan shekara zai kusan kusan 2. A yau, manoma na gida a ko'ina suna inganta abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai na amfanin gona kuma suna mai da hankali kan gabatar da nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) XNUMX. , amma iyakance a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa iri. Wannan yana ba mu damar yin hasashen cewa kasuwar fungicides za ta ci gaba da haɓaka, duka ta fuskar haɓaka yankin da ake jiyya da kuma yawan jiyya.”
Abubuwan da aka bayar ta sabis na latsa kamfanin "Agusta"