Tsarin samar da irin dankalin turawa a Rasha yana da ɗan gajeren tarihi, idan aka kwatanta, misali, tare da ƙasashen yammacin Turai, inda aka kafa shi shekaru da yawa a baya. Tsarin tsari na samar da dankalin turawa iri wanda ya kasance a cikin 60s na karni na karshe a cikin USSR ya wakilci manyan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda uku.
Haɗin farko ya haɗa da gonakin da suka samar da fitattun mutane ( elitekhozes ), na biyu - gonakin da suka yada manyan mutane (semkhozes), na uku - filayen iri na gonakin gama gari da gonakin jihohi waɗanda ke samar da dankali mai kasuwa.
An samar da ka'idoji na farko na ka'idoji da ka'idoji a fagen samar da iri na dankalin turawa kuma an aiwatar da su a cikin tsakiyar 60s, gami da "Ka'ida kan manyan dankalin turawa" da "Ka'ida kan filayen dankalin turawa a cikin gonakin gama gari da gonakin jiha" ( 1966). A cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu na farko, kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin ikon hukumomin aikin gona na jihohi, an gudanar da noman dankalin turawa bisa ga "Dokokin kan Dankali Elite". Daga baya, an karɓi "Sharuɗɗa akan Ma'aikatan Jiya na Farko don Girman Dankali Elite", wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Noma ta Dankali ta haɓaka kuma Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta USSR (1971) ta amince da shi.
A cikin hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta uku, daidai da "Dokokin kan filayen dankalin turawa a cikin gonaki na gama kai da gonakin jihohi", an yada dankalin iri (samar da iri a kan gonaki) don amfani da shi wajen samar da dankalin da za a iya kasuwa. An yi la'akari da filin iri a matsayin hanyar da ta fi dacewa wajen samar da iri a gonaki, tare da biyan bukatun gonaki a cikin irin dankalin da aka saki don samar da dankalin da za a iya kasuwa. Yankin filayen iri ya kai kusan kashi 20-30% na yawan amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa a gona.
Dangane da tsarin shuka iri da aka kafa a cikin 60s, gonaki sun sayi dankali iri - manyan da aka kawo daga gonaki masu girma, ko dankali mai inganci na farkon ko na biyu haifuwa daga gonakin iri (Fig. 1).
A cikin tsarawa da aiwatar da ayyukan da suka danganci girbi, adanawa da siyar da manyan dankali da iri iri, an ba da babban matsayi ga ƙungiyar Sortsemovoshch. Tsarin sassa na ƙungiyar Sortsemovoshch a cikin yankunan ayyukan da aka saya da sayar da elite, iri-iri iri-iri dankali don sabuntawa iri-iri da canji iri-iri, kazalika da siye, adanawa da sayar da jama'a da kuma kuɗin gida na Elite da varietal iri dankali na zoned iri.
Kwararru na kungiyar "Sortsemovoshch", tare da wakilan hukumomin aikin gona da dakunan gwaje-gwajen sarrafa iri, sun shiga cikin kimantawa da yarda da amfanin gona da manyan batches da aka shirya don siyarwa. Bugu da kari, sun gudanar da binciken filin, approbation da tuber nazarin nau'in dankalin turawa iri-iri na farkon haifuwa, wanda aka yi niyya don girbi da siyarwa don sabuntawa iri-iri da canjin iri-iri. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a ƙarshen shekarun 80, jimillar adadin dankalin iri na manyan haifuwa da aka girbe da sayar da ƙungiyar Sortsemovoshch fiye da ton dubu 300, gami da fiye da ton dubu 100 a cikin RSFSR. Ya kamata a lura cewa har zuwa farkon shekarun 70, samar da dankalin turawa a cikin RSFSR bai isa sosai ba (ton 25-28 a kowace shekara), kuma ana buƙatar haɓaka ingancinsa sosai. Babban ci gaba mai zurfi na samar da irin dankalin turawa a Rasha ya samo asali ne tun tsakiyar shekarun 70 da 80. A cikin wannan lokacin ne aka fara samun ci gaba mai zurfi a cikin tushe na tsari da tsari, hanyoyin fasaha da tsare-tsare na samar da iri masu kyau, kuma an sami babban haɓakar haɓakar samar da manyan mutane (Fig. 2).
Tsarin tsari na samar da nau'in dankalin turawa da aka kafa a cikin RSFSR a tsakiyar shekarun 70s, dangane da ƙwarewa mai zurfi na gonaki wajen samar da kayan iri na matakai daban-daban na haifuwa, sun haɗa da matakai uku:
- noman manyan fitattun mutane a gonaki na musamman don samar da iri na dankalin turawa na farko;
- Canja wurin manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gonaki (elitekhozes) da kuma samun manyan mutane a cikin su ta hanyar haɓaka sau biyu;
- Canja wurin manyan mutane kai tsaye zuwa gonakin gama gari da gonakin jihohi don haifuwa da samar da dankalin kasuwanci ba ƙasa da haifuwa na III-V (Fig. 3).
An kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta gonaki na musamman don samar da dankalin iri ya sa ya yiwu a farkon shekarun 80 don ƙara yawan tallace-tallace na manyan mutane zuwa ton dubu 100-110, ta yadda kowane kadada 100 na shuka dankalin turawa na kasuwanci a gonakin gama gari da jihohi. gonaki akwai akalla tan 5 na dankalin turawa. An sanya muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan aikin da aka sanya wa dukiyar da aka samar da ita da kuma ƙungiyar kimiyya don haɓaka dankalin turawa ", wanda aka kafa a cikin ma'aikatar aikin gona na Rsfsr.
Kungiyar a wancan lokacin ta hada da Cibiyar Bincike ta Noman Dankali (NIIKH), Cibiyar Kiwo ta NIIKH, Ofishin Gwajin Gwaji, Tashoshi na gwaji da gonakin gwaji na NIIKH, da gonakin jihohi na musamman sama da 50 da ke yankuna 17 da kuma 6 Jamhuriyar RSFSR masu cin gashin kansu. A kan gonaki na musamman guda 24, an shirya dakunan gwaje-gwaje na NIIKH don samar da irin dankalin turawa na farko. Ƙungiyar ƙungiyar "Rossemkartofel" ta ba da damar inganta samar da iri sosai a cikin yankuna, yankuna da kuma jamhuriyoyin masu cin gashin kansu, inda kusan kashi 80 cikin XNUMX na yawan dankalin turawa na Rasha ya mayar da hankali a lokacin.
Bugu da kari, kungiyar Rossemkartofel ta ba da hadin kai wajen gudanar da ayyukan samar da dankalin turawa iri-iri a ko'ina cikin RSFSR, tare da samar da sadarwa kai tsaye kan samar da irin dankalin turawa tare da hukumomin aikin gona na gida da cibiyoyin bincike.
A cikin gonaki na musamman na Ƙungiyar Rossemkartofel, an kafa tushe mai kyau don haɓakar girma na samar da iri na farko don yankuna da kuma nau'i mai ban sha'awa. A cikin 1979, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na samar da iri na farko na NIIKH bisa gonaki na musamman sun samar da wuraren aikin gandun daji na samar da iri na farko don nau'ikan dankalin turawa 44 mafi yawan bukatar samarwa. Dangane da bayanan hukuma na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma na RSFSR, yankin da ake noman dankalin turawa ya karu daga hekta 149 a shekarar 1976 zuwa 495 a shekarar 1979, da na dankalin turawa, bi da bi, daga 382 zuwa 1313 ha (Anisimov. 1981). Wannan ya zama mai yiwuwa godiya ga tsakiya goyon baya daga jihar da niyya kasafi, bisa ga Dokar Majalisar Ministocin RSFSR (1976), na gagarumin kudi da aka directed ga ci gaban da kayan da fasaha tushe na musamman Elite iri. gonaki a cikin mafi girma dankalin turawa girma yankuna da kuma halitta a cikin su na da kayan aiki na wannan lokacin, dakin gwaje-gwaje-greenhouse iri-girma gidaje, kazalika da gina dankalin turawa ajiya capacities zama dole ga wadannan dalilai.
Tare da ci gaban tsarin tsari na samar da irin dankalin turawa a cikin shekarun 70 zuwa 80, daya daga cikin matsalolin gaggawa shi ne bukatar ci gaba mai zurfi a cikin hanyoyin da inganta tsarin samar da irin dankalin turawa. Ayyukan da aka kafa na waɗannan shekarun sun mayar da hankali kan samar da iri na clonal. Yawancin lokaci, a cikin mafi yawan manyan gonaki masu girma, an zaɓi tsire-tsire na farko don samar da iri na farko a cikin gandun daji na clones na shekara ta 1st bisa ga kima na gani na tsire-tsire a cikin filin da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na samfuran ganye ta amfani da hanyar serodiagnosis. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na clones a cikin shekarar zaɓin ya kasance galibi ana fuskantar sabon kamuwa da cuta. A lokaci guda kuma, sabbin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta, lokacin da aka gwada su a cikin filin, na iya ba da amsa mara kyau ga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba za a iya gano su ba kuma a jefar da su a cikin shekarar kamuwa da cuta. A sakamakon haka, shuke-shuke da aka zaba a cikin clones na shekara ta 1 tare da mummunan amsa ga ƙwayoyin cuta, lokacin da aka gwada su a cikin zuriya, riga na gaba shekara ta juya zuwa kamuwa da cuta zuwa mafi girma ko žasa, dangane da iri-iri da yanayin ciyayi. lokacin shekarar da ta gabata. An sami ƙarin sakamako mai nasara ta amfani da ƙarin bincike na kamuwa da cuta na kayan clonal da aka zaɓa a cikin lokacin hunturu ta hanyar ƙididdigewa dangane da "gwajin ido" (shuke-shuke masu girma daga idanun tuber guda ɗaya (fihirisa) a cikin yanayin greenhouse). Wannan ya ba da damar ganowa da ƙin yarda da tubers na tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ingantaccen matakin dogaro kafin dasa su a cikin filin.
Sakamakon aikin da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Kare Shuka ta All-Union (VIZR) ya nuna cewa yin amfani da hanyar serological bisa ga tsarin da aka kayyade na samar da iri na clonal a cikin yanayin yankin Arewa maso Yamma ya sa ya yiwu. sami kayan iri ba tare da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fi sani ba (X, S, M). Wanda V.I. Sadovnikova (1965), gwaje-gwajen dabara na musamman, wanda aka bincika dubun dubatar shuke-shuke, ya sa ya yiwu a zana kyakkyawan kafuwar cewa a cikin yanayin Arewa maso Yamma, kayan iri da aka samu bisa ga tsarin samar da iri na clonal. a kiyaye na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin da ba shi da kamuwa da cuta (Fig. 4). An kuma nuna cewa yin amfani da zaɓi mara kyau kawai ta hanyar cire tsire-tsire masu cutarwa daga shuka bai ba da irin wannan sakamako ba.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, bisa sakamakon binciken da NIIKH ta gudanar da kuma abubuwan da aka tara, an gano cewa ya fi dacewa a yi amfani da ba kowane bushes da aka zaɓa a cikin gandun daji na clones na shekara ta 1st ba, amma mutum mai lafiya (ba tare da kamuwa da cuta) ba. Abubuwan farawa don girma super-superelite.Bugu da aka zaɓa a cikin wani zaɓi na musamman na gandun daji tare da gwajin wajaba na kowane ɗayan su ta hanyar serodiagnostics a cikin tsarin kula da girbi bayan girbi. Don sabuntawa na shekara-shekara na wurin gandun daji, ga kowane ton 100 na super-super elite dankali, an ba da shawarar shuka kusan tubers 4000, wanda ya ba da damar rage farashi da adadin ƙididdigar da aka yi.Shinkafa Hoto 5. Rarrabawa da iyakokin zaɓi na clones lokacin da ake kimanta gida, dangane da tsarin dasa shuki (iri-iri Ramensky, 1979-1981)
Don wannan dalili, an yi amfani da manyan tubers masu nauyin 100 g ko fiye don kafa ɗakin gandun daji na zaɓi. An gudanar da dasa shuki irin waɗannan tubers tare da tazarar jeri na 140 cm da nisa tsakanin tubers a jere na 70 cm.
Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar bisa tushen samar da matukin jirgi na Zavorovo na NIIKH ya nuna cewa irin wannan makirci na dasa tubers masu ma'ana a cikin gandun daji na zabin ya tabbatar da matsakaicin karuwar yawan tubers a cikin amfanin gona a kowane tuber na farko. Saboda haka, a cikin daya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a kan nazarin daban-daban makircinsu na kwanciya gandun daji domin zabi wani sabon iri-iri Ramensky a lokacin, an samu wadannan sakamakon. A cikin bambance-bambancen sarrafawa (dasa bisa ga tsarin da aka saba na 70x30 cm, tubers masu nauyin 60-80 g), 45% na bushes tare da tubers 10 a kowace daji sun juya don girbe, waɗanda galibi ana jefar dasu yayin zaɓin. Daga cikin sauran 55% na bushes, 47% na da 11-20 tubers kuma kawai 8% na da 21 zuwa 30 tubers kowane daji.
A cikin bambance-bambancen gwaji (dasa bisa ga makirci 140x70 cm, manyan tubers masu nauyin 100 g), kawai 11% na bushes ba su dace da zaɓi ba (tare da ƙasa da tubers 10 a kowace daji). Sauran 89% na bushes sun fi girma yawan tubers, ciki har da 47% har zuwa tubers 20 a kowace daji, 24% daga 21 zuwa 30 da 18% daga 31 zuwa 50 tubers kowane daji (Fig. 5).
Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa irin wannan tsarin dasa ya haifar da mafi kyawun yanayi ba kawai don girma da ci gaban tsire-tsire ba, har ma don dacewa da gudanar da cikakken duban gani na kowane shuka a lokacin girma na ciyayi, da kuma yadda ya dace. aiwatar da duk matakan kariya da kariya masu mahimmanci a cikin zaɓin gandun daji.
A ci gaba da inganta tsarin samar da irin dankalin turawa a gonaki na musamman, an dauki kwararan matakai don inganta ingancinsa ga manyan nau'in da aka fitar a wancan lokaci da kuma alfanu. Don haka, NIIKH ta haɓaka kuma, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban gwajin samarwa, ta yi nasarar gwada sabuwar fasaha na wancan lokacin don samun da hanzarta haifuwa na kayan tushen, ingantacciyar hanyar apical meristem, wanda a hankali ya zama tushen ƙwayoyin cuta. -free dankalin turawa iri tsarin samar (Trofimets, Boyko, Anisimov, da dai sauransu, 1990). Fasahar da aka haɓaka ta haɗa da manyan abubuwa masu zuwa:
- shirye-shiryen tubers don ware da apical meristems; duba kamuwa da cuta ta farko ta hanyar immunoassay enzyme (ELISA); germination a cikin duhu a zazzabi na 35-37 ° C na wata daya zuwa biyu;
- warewar meristems tare da girman 100-200 microns a cikin akwatin microbiological a ƙarƙashin microscope na binocular tare da grid sikeli a haɓakar sau 30-50 da dasa su a cikin bututun gwaji akan matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki tare da tushen ma'adinai a cewar Murashage-Skoog. tare da babban abun ciki na kinetin;
- girma tsire-tsire a cikin bututun gwaji a cikin ɗaki tare da yanayin sarrafawa na zafin jiki, zafi da haske (zazzabi 23 ° C, zafi na iska 70%, haske 5-10 dubu lux a lokacin haske na awanni 12);
- yankan tsire-tsire da aka samu bisa ga adadin internodes da dasa shuki a kan matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin bututun gwaji; yin amfani da yankan guda ɗaya a gindin kowace shuka don sanin cutar ta hanyar microscopy na lantarki da enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- sake duba layi biyu sau uku don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ELISA a cikin aikin grafting;
- dasa tsire-tsire daga bututun gwaji zuwa greenhouses don samun amfanin gona na tubers;
- Tabbatar da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ta hanyar ELISA; yin amfani da hanyoyin haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin vitro don samun manyan batches na kayan farko da suka wajaba don samar da iri (tushen saman da harbe-harbe na tsire-tsire, dasa shuki tare da iyakanceccen yanki na ciyarwa - 6x6 cm). , cuttings na sprouts bayan dogon lokaci germination na tubers, da dai sauransu.);
- gwajin filin da kuma yaduwa na greenhouse meristem clones a cikin tsananin keɓewa daga kowane irin shuka dankalin turawa.
Yin amfani da fasahar da aka haɓaka ya sa ya yiwu a sami nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) a cikin shekara guda.
A ci gaba da ƙware a faffadan aikace-aikacen fasaha na samun kayan tushen meristem don shuka dankalin da ba shi da ƙwayar cuta, NIIKH ta ƙaddamar da nazari na musamman kan inganta tsarin fasaha na haifuwa na tsire-tsire marasa ƙwayoyin cuta tare da gwada 'ya'yansu a matakin farko. wuraren gandun daji da kuma kawo su ga manyan-elite da fitattu. A lokaci guda kuma, an tsara ayyuka kan yiwuwar rage lokacin da ake noman ƙwararru (musamman sabbin nau'ikan iri masu ban sha'awa), haɓaka inganci da rage farashin samar da shi. Don warware ayyukan da aka saita a cikin 1972-1977, an yi nazarin bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen tsarin noman gwanaye a Sashen Girman Seed na NIIKH: tare da gwajin clone na shekaru biyu (tsari na al'ada), tare da gandun daji na shekara guda, kamar yadda kazalika da daban-daban na gwaji makircinsu tare da shekara guda clone selection da kuma haifuwa na hade clone abu ta amfani da tuber naúrar hanya.
Dangane da sakamakon binciken da V.N. Akatiev a cikin yanayin yankin Moscow, ta yin amfani da kayan tushen da aka inganta ta hanyar apical meristem, don yin amfani da shi sosai a aikace, an ba da shawarar wani tsari don gudanar da samar da iri na musamman tare da gwajin shekara guda na clones, ciki har da:
- Gwajin filin na meristem clones.
- Pre-propagation na pooled clones.
- Sake bugun.
- Namo na super-superelite.
- Noma na manyan-elite.
- Kiwon Elite.
Ana nuna iyaka da jerin ayyukan da aka yi a ƙarƙashin wannan makirci na samar da iri na musamman a cikin hoto na 6.
Don cimma mafi girma yawan adadin kuɗi a cikin gandun daji, gwajin filin na meristem clones da pre-propagation, an sami sakamako mai mahimmanci lokacin girma kayan lafiya (ba tare da kamuwa da cuta ba) ta amfani da hanyar tuber. Ma'anar wannan hanya ita ce kamar haka: kafin dasa shuki, tubers masu nauyi daga 60 g a kowace clone an yanke su zuwa sassa da yawa don nauyin kowane sashi ya kasance akalla 30 g, tare da idanu ɗaya ko biyu. Dukkan sassa daga kowane yanke tuber wanda ya ƙunshi "tuber unit" an sanya su a cikin wata jaka daban. Duk jaka tare da raka'a tuber daga clone ɗaya an sanya su a cikin wani akwati dabam. Clones da aka shirya ta wannan hanya an dasa su a jere ɗaya. Lokacin dasa shuki, an raba iyakokin tsakanin clones, a cikin abin da sassan tuberous kuma an iyakance su. A cikin kowane clone, an fara dasa sassan tuberous tare da adadi mai yawa na nau'in iri, sa'an nan kuma tare da ƙananan lambobi (a cikin tsari mai saukowa) kuma ya ƙare tare da ƙananan tubers na ƙananan ƙananan 25-50 g (Fig. 7). A aikace, ana amfani da hanya mafi sauƙi sau da yawa, lokacin da aka yanke tubers makonni da yawa kafin dasa shuki, barin gada mai haɗawa a tsakiya ko a gindin tuber. A wannan yanayin, sassan tuber sun kasance suna gugawa da juna. A ƙarshe, an raba tubers zuwa sassa kai tsaye a dasa shuki.
Ba a buƙatar ƙarin kwantena don sassan tuber ba.
A lokacin girma, an kimanta tsire-tsire tare da gwada ƙwayoyin cuta na gani da serologically. Idan aƙalla an sami tsire-tsire marasa lafiya a cikin sashin tuber, an watsar da shi gaba ɗaya; rukuni na tsire-tsire da aka samo daga tuber guda ɗaya. Bayanan da aka samu sun nuna cewa dasa wurin gandun daji na clone ta hanyar amfani da hanyar tuber raka'a don yawancin nau'ikan ya ba da damar haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa da ɗaya da rabi zuwa sau biyu kuma, don haka, rage yawan ciyawar da aka zaɓa da kuma clones sosai kuma rage farashi da ton 100 na super-super elite dankali. A lokaci guda, an sami sakamako mai mahimmanci daga maye gurbin mafi yawan aikin gandun daji na clones na shekara ta biyu tare da gandun daji na farkon kiwo na clones hade.
Ta hanyar kwatankwacin hanyar tuber raka'a, dangane da yin amfani da yankan dasa tubers, a cikin gandun daji na samar da iri na farko, lokacin amfani da kayan tushe na meristem, sauran hanyoyin haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta sun zama tartsatsi a aikace, musamman girma seedlingsan dankalin turawa. daga sprout cuttings a cikin peat tukwane tare da m dasa su a cikin filin, haifuwa ta Layering, kara cuttings, da dai sauransu (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Dangane da gwaje-gwajen kwatankwacin nau'ikan bambance-bambancen dabarun samar da iri, an nuna cewa lokacin amfani da tushen kayan da aka samu ta hanyar al'adun meristem a hade tare da micropropagation na clonal, lokacin samar da dankalin turawa za a iya rage shi zuwa shekaru uku zuwa hudu, wanda zai iya rage lokacin samarwa. yana da mahimmanci musamman don haɓaka haɓakawa da haɓakawa. A cikin gonakin samar da matukin jirgi na NIIKH a cikin yanayin yankin Moscow, bisa ga duk bambance-bambancen da aka yi nazari na dabarun gwaji, an sami batches na manyan dankalin turawa masu inganci. Super-superelite, wanda aka samu bisa ga makirci tare da gwajin clone na shekara guda, yana da, dangane da iri-iri, daga 90 zuwa 99% na tsire-tsire masu lafiya, i.e. ya kasance kusan iri ɗaya da na super-elite, wanda aka samu bisa ga makirci tare da gwajin clone na shekaru biyu. Matsayin yawan yawan ƙwararrun dankalin turawa da aka samu bisa ga tsare-tsare daban-daban shima kusan iri ɗaya ne kuma yana cikin kewayon 300-350 c/ha.
Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci kwatance a cikin ci gaban da tsarin na cutar-free iri samar da dankali ya zama kungiyar na tsakiya samar da farko da kwayar cutar abu a cikin manyan kundin don samar da na musamman gonaki don farko iri samar. Don haka, a cikin tsarin kungiyar Rossemkartofel, an tsara shi don samar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin adadin ton dubu 7,5 na nau'ikan 34 waɗanda aka fi buƙata a lokacin. Dangane da lissafin da aka gabatar a cikin Tebu 1, don haɓaka girman girman da aka tsara na super-superelite daga kayan tushen meristem ta amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin yaduwa a cikin gidajen lambuna na NIIKH, an shuka tubers dubu 1,2 kowace shekara a kan wani yanki na hectare 400, ana girbi kowane ɗayan. shuka a cikin jaka daban. An canza kayan da aka samu zuwa wuraren samar da gwaji na cibiyar, inda aka dasa su a cikin gandun daji na clonal - a kan wani yanki na kadada 8 tare da kiyaye ka'idodin ka'idoji na warewar sararin samaniya na aƙalla 0,5 km daga shuka na ƙananan azuzuwan. na iri dankali. A lokacin lokacin girma, an aiwatar da duk matakan da suka dace na agrotechnical da phytosanitary tare da kulawa ta musamman a cikin keɓe filayen filayen.
Sakamakon hade kayan clone a cikin adadin ton 160 an rarraba zuwa gonaki na musamman na 24 tare da dakunan gwaje-gwaje don samar da iri na farko (a cikin adadin ton 2 don samar da kowane ton 100 na super-elite). Jimillar wuraren dakunan jinya don haifuwa na farko a gonaki na musamman don samar da iri na farko shine hekta 40, daga ciki an samu ton 800 na kayan iri. A shekara mai zuwa, an dasa wannan kayan a kan wani yanki na 200 ha a cikin gandun daji kuma an samu tan 3000 na tubers, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a shekara mai zuwa don dasa shuki a yanki na 750 ha da samun 7500 ton na super. -Super Elite daidaitaccen iri juzu'i (Table 1).
Table 1. Ƙungiya a kan NIIKH don gonaki na musamman don samar da iri na dankalin turawa na farko (Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Girman samarwa | |||
Nau'in ayyuka | Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo | Wurin sauka, ha | |
Karɓar meristem clones a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje yanayin greenhouse | dakin gwaje-gwaje don samun kayan farko marasa cutar a dakin gwaje-gwaje na NIIKH don saurin haifuwa da gwajin filin na kayan clone marasa ƙwayoyin cuta a cibiyar. | 1,2 | 400 dubu tubers |
Gwajin filin clonal abu da aikace-aikace hanyar tuberous raka'a | Dakunan gwaje-gwaje don haɓaka haɓakawa don gwajin filin gwajin kayan clonal marasa ƙwayoyin cuta a Cibiyar OPH | 8 | 160 T |
na farko kiwo United clones daga aikace-aikace hanyar tuberous raka'a | gonaki na musamman don samar da iri na farko PNO "Rossemkartofel" | 40 | 800 T |
Sake bugun abu | Abu daya | 200 | 3000 T |
Girma super super elite | 750 | 7500 T |
A cewar NIIKH, lokacin da ake girma super-elite bisa tsarin tsarin samar da kayan da ba shi da kwayar cutar, saboda ingantacciyar inganci, yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin manyan mutane da haifuwar sa ya karu a matsakaici ga duk nau'ikan da aka gwada da kashi 20-25% .
Tun daga shekarun 90, a ci gaba da gyare-gyaren da ake yi a rukunin masana'antun noma, wasu gonaki na musamman na samar da iri na farko da manyan gonaki sun daina wanzuwa, kuma yawan noman dankalin turawa ya ragu sosai, wanda ya yi matukar wahala sun fi mayar disrupted kafa tsarin lokaci-lokaci iri-iri canji da na yau da kullum dankalin turawa iri-iri sabuntawa dangane da wani m karancin tsaba daga mafi girma reproductions ga gonaki da kasuwanci samar da dankali. Sai dai a karshen shekarun 90, a hankali aka fara gina tsarin samar da irin dankalin turawa a kasar Rasha bisa ka'idojin huldar kasuwanni bisa tsarin dokoki da ka'idoji da aka kirkira a wancan lokacin a fannin kiwo da samar da iri na shuke-shuken gona (Malko). , Anisimov et al., 2003).
A wannan lokacin, an ba da kulawa ta musamman ga haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi a fagen kula da inganci da takaddun shaida na dankalin iri, la'akari da tarin ƙwarewar mafi kyawun ayyukan duniya. Wannan ya ba da damar haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi don ingancin kasuwancin nau'ikan nau'ikan dankali iri daban-daban a cikin hanyar haɗin kai da kusanci zuwa buƙatun ƙa'idodi na zamani na duniya (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007 )
Bayan gabatar da Dokar kan Samar da iri (1997) a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, an kafa tsarin daidaita daidaitaccen nau'in nau'in dankalin turawa, gami da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri uku: mini-tubers da super-super elite iri dankali (ƙarni na biyu) da aka samar. ta hanyar mafarin iri-iri ko kuma wanda ya ba shi izini kuma ya yi niyya don samar da dankalin turawa iri-iri.
Elite iri dankali: dankali iri (super elite, elite) samu daga m yaduwa na asali iri dankali.
Haihuwar iri dankali: dankali iri (1-2 haifuwa) wanda aka samu daga yaduwa na iri-iri na dankalin turawa.
Binciken kwatankwacin tsarin rarrabawa da aka karɓa a cikin Rasha da ƙasashen EU ya nuna cewa nau'in nau'in dankalin turawa na asali ana iya daidaita shi da yanayin dankalin dankalin turawa (PB). Saboda haka, nau'in dankalin turawa iri-iri na iya zama daidai da nau'in dankalin iri na asali (azuzuwan SE da E) kuma nau'in nau'in dankalin dankalin turawa ya yi daidai da nau'in dankalin dankalin turawa (azuzuwan A 1-2). A lokaci guda, idan aka kwatanta nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dankalin iri a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da ƙasashen EU, ana iya ganin bambance-bambance a sarari (Table 2).
Tebura 2. Kwatanta nau'ikan nau'ikan dankali iri iri ta adadin zuriyar filayen a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da ƙasashen EU
Dankalin dankalin Turawa | Yawan tsararraki | Zane |
Tsarin rabe-raben Rasha | ||
Na asali (OS) | 2 | PP-1 da SSE |
Elite (ES) | 2 | SE da E |
Haihuwa (RS) Jimlar Zamani | 2 6 | PC1-2 |
Rabewa a cikin ƙasashen EU | ||
Prebaseline Baseline Shaida | 4 3 2 | PB - PB 4 S, SE, E A1 - A2 |
Jimlar Zamani | 9 |
A cikin tsarin rabe-raben Rasha na zamani don dankali iri bisa ga GOST 33996-2016 “Dalaka dankali. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun inganci" matsakaicin adadin tsararrun filin kada ya wuce matakan kiwo 6, gami da nau'in OS - 2, ES - 2 da RS - 2 ƙarni. A cikin kasashen EU, bisa ga shawarwarin zuriyar Turai (ESA), an yarda da adadin ƙarni na 9, na asali - 4 da aka tabbatar - na farko (Anisimov, 3 ; Simakov, Anisimov 2).
A cikin ra'ayi gabaɗaya, an nuna tsarin zamani na matakai masu zuwa na samar da dankalin turawa na asali, fitattu da haifuwa a cikin hoto na 8.
Babban fa'idar tsarin tsari na zamani na samar da iri da aka gabatar a cikin zanen shine cewa dukkanin tubalan tsarin sa guda uku na matakan da suka biyo baya na samar da asali, fitattu da kuma haifuwa iri dankali suna da alaƙa da alaƙa kai tsaye ta hanyar haɗin kai tsaye. Wannan yana buɗe sabbin damar gaske don haɓaka mafi kyawun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin duk ƙungiyoyi masu shiga, gami da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya na musamman da tsarin kasuwanci.
A cikin yanayi na zamani, ci gaba da samar da dankalin turawa mai girma ba zai yuwu ba ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da masana'antun noma na dankalin turawa, masana'antar gonaki (gona) da 'yan kasuwa guda ɗaya tare da iri masu inganci iri-iri na manyan azuzuwan da haɓaka haɓaka. Dangane da haka, karuwar yawan kayan noma da kuma karuwar ingancin irin na asali da fitattun dankali na zama daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka sa a gaba wajen tabbatar da daidaito da ribar sarrafa masana'antar dankalin turawa.
Halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu tare da amfani da yuwuwar da ke akwai na nau'in dankalin turawa na cikin gida yana buƙatar haɓaka haɓakar samar da kayan iri. Don haka, ɗaukar ingantattun matakai don sabunta kayan aiki da tushe na fasaha na samar da irin dankalin turawa da samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa don zaɓi da cibiyoyin samar da iri suna zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan gaggawa na haɓaka samar da dankalin turawa a Rasha. A lokaci guda, nasarar aiwatar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha (KSTP) da aka gudanar a cikin tsarin Subprogram "Haɓaka zaɓi da samar da iri dankali" na Shirin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Tarayya don Ci gaban Noma na 2017- 2030 zai kasance mai mahimmanci. Nasarar aiwatar da mahimman shawarwarin fifiko a cikin wannan yanki nan gaba kaɗan zai ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka sabbin masana'antu, tabbatar da ingantaccen samar da dankalin turawa, ƙirƙirar tsarin dabaru na zamani don haɓaka mafi kyawun nau'ikan daga tushen Rasha zuwa kasuwa, rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki da kuma rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki tabbatar da tsaron abinci a kasar Rasha.