Lokacin girma da albarkatu iri-iri, ban da hanyoyin agrotechnical, waɗanda suka kasance manyan su a cikin kula da sako, yana da matukar wahala ayi ba tare da amfani da maganin kashe ciyawar ba. A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa samun babban aikin ilmin halitta, maganin ciyawa yana buƙatar ƙwarewar ƙwararru sosai yayin amfani da su.
Valentina Demidova, Mai binciken Cibiyar Nazarin Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Tarayya VNIIF, 'Yar takarar Kimiyyar Halittu;
Maria Kuznetsova, Shugaban Sashen Kwayar Dankali da Cututtukan kayan lambu, FSBIU VNIIF, Dan takarar ilimin kimiyyar halittu
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha, akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da cutarwar amfani da maganin kashe ciyawa sakamakon tasirinsu mai guba kan amfanin gona da aka kare daga ciyawar ya wuce fa'idar. Babban sakamakon herbicide shine sakamakon sauran ragowar wakili (da abubuwan da ke narkewa), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, a yanayin ƙasar, wanda aka noma da ciyawar. Haɗarin cututtukan ganyayyaki a ƙarshe yafi ƙaddara ta abubuwa uku: ƙarfin talla, lalacewa da ƙaura (motsi). Tasirin waɗannan abubuwan ya dogara da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙarancin yanayi, yanayi, gami da kaddarorin magungunan kanta.
Musamman saboda wannan, dankali da aka girma a cikin manyan gonaki kuma ƙwararrun gonaki suna wahala.
Sanadin toxicosis a kan dankali:
- adanawa a cikin ƙasan ragowar dankalin turawa-da mai guba bayan aikace-aikacensu akan amfanin gona wanda ke juyawa amfanin gona;
- keta ka'idoji don amfani da ciyawar "dankalin turawa" (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, da sauransu);
- yin amfani da masu toshe tare da ragowar maganin kashe kwari a cikin tankuna (wanda ya dace da hankalin dankali ga wadannan abubuwan);
- iska mai guba ta iska a lokacin sarrafa filayen kusa.
Mafi sau da yawa, toxicosis da aka nuna a sakin layi na 2-4 yana da alaƙa da rashin bin ka'idodi da shawarwari don amfani.
Babu ciyawa da yawa da ake amfani da su a lokacin noman dankalin Turawa. Waɗannan su ne shirye-shirye mafi yawa daga rukunin triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acid (MCPA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Duk waɗannan kayan aiki masu zaɓi na zaɓaɓɓu ne kuma bai kamata ya haifar da lalacewa ga tsire-tsire dankalin turawa ba. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi, dankali zai sami damuwa. Wannan na iya zama dalilai na yanayi, da hankalin nau'ikan, keta ka'idoji don amfani, amfanin samfuran ƙarami, da sauransu.
Kwayar cutar ta dogara da aji na abubuwa masu aiki. Metribuzinum yana haifar da ƙonewa da kuma hana haɓakar shuka. Ana furta wannan musamman akan nau'ikan da ke da damuwa ko lokacin amfani dashi a cikin yanayin bushewa tare da ƙarin hazo mai nauyi (siffa 1).
Rimsulfuron na iya haifar da launin rawaya ko ganye na ganyen dankalin turawa. Irin waɗannan bayyanar cututtuka suna kama sosai da bayyanuwar kamuwa da cuta ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. A saboda wannan dalili, amfani dashi akan dankali iri ne wanda ba a son shi.
Dankali na tsire-tsire suna da matukar damuwa ga herbicides, gami da waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin juyar amfanin gona akan wasu albarkatu. Mafi haɗari ga dankali sune magungunan dabbobi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'adar da ta gabata daga rukunin 2 (inshoins acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) da rukunin 4 (roba auxins).
Rukuni na ciyawa na rukuni na 2 sun hada da sinadarin sulfonylureas (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, da sauransu), da imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, da sauransu). Mummunan tasirin su akan dankali yana da alaƙa da canji a cikin haɗawar wasu muhimman amino acid. Ragowar Sulfonylurea a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na iya ci gaba a cikin ƙasa da lalata lalacewar dankali na dogon lokaci bayan aikace-aikacen. Ana samun wasu imidazolinones a cikin ƙasa tsawon shekaru. Bayyanar tasirin tasirin gubar wannan rukuni na magungunan kashe ciyawa a saman dankalin turawa ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da yanayin bambancin tsire-tsire. Mafi sau da yawa, endochlorosis (ko yellowing na ganye), wrinkling (ko mosaic) kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana lura da jinkirin girma (Fig. 2). Irin waɗannan alamun suna kama da bayyanar kamuwa da kwayar cuta. Saboda wannan, a kan ƙasa tare da ragowar ciyawar kashe ciyawa, tsaftacewa da yarda da filayen da aka gudanar a cikin samar da iri dankali suna da wahala.
Bayyanar cutar lalacewar tubers ta waɗannan ciyawar zai iya zama daban, amma tsinkayen tsayi na digo (galibi tauraro-mai kamanni) da haɓakar kamannin mutum yayin da ƙwayayen ke kama da popcorn sune mafi halayyar (siffa 3,4).
Rukuni na huɗu na rukuni na 4 sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin phenoxyacetic, benzoic da pyridic acid. Mafi ƙarancin juriya (watau dogon lokaci) daga cikinsu sune ƙarancin phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Haɗarin lalacewar dankali daga benzoic (dicamba) da picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) waɗanda suka samo asalin acid sun fi yawa. Don haka, don bayyanar alamun lalacewar mai guba ga dankali, kasancewar clopyralid a cikin ƙasa ya isa cikin kashi daidai da kashi 0,07% na ƙimar aikace-aikacen a cikin shekarar da ta gabata a kan amfanin gonar da ta gabata, kuma a matakin 0,7%, an riga an lura da raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan amfanin gona mai ƙwari
Ya bambanta da sulfonylureas da imidazolinones, lalacewar bayyane ga dankali ta hanyar dicamba, clopyralid, da picloram suna bayyana ne kawai a ɓangaren iska. Shuke-shuke, sakamakon lalacewar ganyen ruwan ganye, ya zama kama da fern seedlings (Fig. 5). Wadannan maganin kashe ciyawar suna shafar saiti da samuwar wuraren girma (idanu) a cikin ɗiyar tubers. Sabili da haka, a shekarar dasa dankali a cikin ƙasa wacce ta gurɓata da ragowar waɗannan ciyawar, yawanci ana samun saman-tubali da tubers, amma suna da karyayyen shiri don samar da wuraren ci gaba. Alamomin da ke sama sun bayyana a shekara mai zuwa, lokacin da ake amfani da irin wadannan tubers a matsayin kayan shuka. Yayin gudanar da aikin kula da lafiyar dankalin turawa, kusan kowace shekara muna haduwa da shuke-shuke tare da alamun da ke sama a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha.
A lokaci guda, yana da matukar mahimmanci a rarrabe bayyanar cututtukan cututtukan herbicidal daga alamun cututtukan cututtuka. Babban bambanci tsakanin cututtukan cututtukan herbicidal da bayyanar kowace cuta shine bayyananniyar bayyanar cututtukan lalacewa a duk fagen ko a cikin gida, a cikin yankuna, amma ba kan tsire-tsire ba.
Lokacin da ake shirin dasa shuki dankalin turawa, ragowar gurɓatattun tsire-tsire da aka yi amfani dasu a kakar da ta gabata yakamata a la'akari. Adadin halakar da abubuwa masu aiki na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: yawan shirye-shiryen da aka yi amfani da shi, yanayin yanayi (zazzabi, danshi ƙasa), nau'in ƙasa, adadin microbiota, da dai sauransu. Yanayi mara kyau a cikin shekara ta aikace-aikacen sulfonylurea, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram da clopyralid suna ƙara haɗarin haɗarin riƙe ragowar su a cikin ƙasa da lalacewar dankali a kakar mai zuwa.
Sabili da haka, idan akwai shakku game da "tsabtacewar" filin, kafin dasa dankali, ya kamata a binciki ƙasa don ragowar ciyawar ko gwajin ƙirar ƙasa ta amfani da shuke-shuke masu nuna alama.
Bi da bi, tsire-tsire da ake amfani da shi a kan dankali na iya samun mummunar tasiri kan amfanin gona masu zuwa. Dangane da wannan, mun gudanar da bincike da dama da nufin yin nazarin yawan cututtukan da ake amfani da shi a jikin sinadarin metribuzin, da aka yi amfani da shi a kan dankali, a lokacin fyade, kokwamba, hatsi da tsire-tsire gwoza sukari.
An ƙaddara Phytotoxicity na metribuzin a cikin 2018 da 2019 a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙaddamar da gwaji a cikin ɗakunan greenhouse a ƙarƙashin yanayin shawo kan matsalar ruwa.
A matsayin mu na shuke-shuke masu gwadawa, mun yi amfani da gwoza mai sukari (v. Ramonskaya mai iri daya), hatsi (v. Argaman Elita), kokwamba (v. Edinstvo), da fyade na bazara (v. Ratnik). An yi shuke-shuke a cikin beakers 9 mm a diamita tare da damar 80 cm600, cike da samfurori na sod-podzolic ƙasar da aka ɗauka.
Don saita gwaje-gwajen, an ɗauki samfurin ƙasa daga filin inda ba a yi amfani da maganin kashe ciyawar ba (sarrafawa), kuma daga filin gwajin inda aka shuka dankali da kuma maganin kashe ciyawar (a.v. metribuzin) a kan kashi 0,5 kg / ha. A cikin shekaru biyu na gwaji, an ɗauki samfura a cikin bazara, a cikin Afrilu, daga zurfin sararin da za a iya nomawa na 0-25 cm a cikin 10 da aka maimaita.
Yanayin girma don tsire-tsire na gwaji: zafin jiki 250C (rana) da 200C (dare); shayar da ƙasa har zuwa 60% na PV.
An kiyasta phytotoxicity na samfuran ƙasa wanda aka zaɓa saboda sakamakon shafar maganin jinin an yi kwanaki 28 bayan shuka amfanin gona ta banbanci tsawo da nauyin tsire-tsire na gwajin.
Dangane da sakamakon tantancewar, an gano cewa a cikin nazarin samfuran ƙasa wanda aka lura da hana dukkanin tsire-tsire gwajin a cikin nau'i na raunana tushe, ci gaba da girma idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (Hoto 6-9). Tsawon tsire-tsire oat a cikin sarrafawa shine 25-35 cm, a cikin bambance-bambancen karatu 20-23 cm; sugar beets 15-20 cm (iko), a cikin gwajin bambance-bambancen 10 cm cm; kokwamba 13-16 cm (iko), a cikin bambance-bambancen karatu 22-11 cm; lokacin fyaɗe na bazara 14-12 cm (iko), a cikin bambance-bambancen karatu na 14-10 cm.
A matsakaici, sama da shekaru 2, raguwa a cikin yawan tsire-tsire na gwajin kokwamba don sarrafa adadin zuwa 70,8%; beets na sukari - 45,0%; hatsi - 44,4%; tashin hankali na bazara - 33,1% (Jadawalin 1).
Don haka, karatunmu ya nuna cewa akwai mummunar tasiri na metribuzin dankalin turawa a kan albarkatu daban-daban: kokwamba, beets sugar, hatsi, fyaɗewar bazara. Don rage lalacewar albarkatu iri daban-daban ta hanyar rage ciyawar kashe-kashen a cikin ƙasa, ya zama dole don aiwatar da dabaru daban-daban:
- Yi amfani da ƙarancin isasshen ƙwayoyin rigakafi (shirye-shiryen cakuda ko gauraya tanki waɗanda ke ƙunshe da erarancin abubuwa masu “aiki tsawon rayuwa”).
- Kafin shuka tsire-tsire mai laushi, aiwatar da dabarun zurfi.
- Aiwatar da jujin amfanin gona wanda ke rage haɗarin lalacewar amfanin gona ta ciyawar.
- Yi amfani da tsire-tsire masu nuna alama (ƙwayayen amfanin gona da suka fi dacewa da wannan kashe-kashe):
- don tsirrai daga rukunin 2 - inetoitors na acetolactate synthase (ALS) - beets sugar, rapeseed;
- don rukuni na 4 - auxins na roba (phenoxyacid (2.4D, da dai sauransu), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - wake, flax;
- don rukuni na 5 - metribuzin - kokwamba, oats, beets sugar.
5. Gudanar da ciyar da tsirrai masu lalacewa tare da takin zamani bisa amino acid: misali, Isabion, Aminokat, da dai sauransu.