A cewar BAYANIN MALAMAI, TOPINAMBUR ANA SANIN DAN ADAM FIYE DA SHEKARU DUBU HUDU.
A CIKIN WANNAN LOKACIN, WANNAN AL'ADA TA TSIRA DUK LOKACIN TASHIN FALALA DA LOKACIN CIKAKKEN WAJIBI.
AMMA YANZU-YANZU, ANA SAKE FARUWA SHA'AWA A TOPINAMbur. HADA A RASHIYA.
Victor Starovoitov, shugaban. Sashen Fasaha da Ayyukan Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Bincike ta Tarayya don Dankali mai suna A.G. Lorkha, Farfesa, Doctor na Kimiyyar Fasaha, Mai kirkiro na Tarayyar Rasha da Denis Kozykin, Daraktan Ci gaba na IsAgro Don LLC
Natalya Anushkevich, wakili mai izini na Ƙungiyar Artichoke na Urushalima a yankin Arewa maso Yamma
ZUWA CIKIN MAGANAR TAMBAYA
Haihuwar Urushalima artichoke ita ce Arewacin Amirka, yankunan manyan tabkuna, inda har yanzu ana samun nau'in daji na wannan shuka. Indiyawa sun kira shi "tushen rana" kuma sun yi imani cewa yana ba maza ƙarfin jiki da ruhu, da mata - matasa da kyau.
Asalin kalmar "Urushalima artichoke" yana da nau'i da yawa. A cewar ɗaya daga cikinsu, a cikin 1615 an kawo samfurin tuber zuwa Vatican daga Kanada. Wannan taron ya zo daidai da ziyarar wakilin kabilar Tupinamba na Brazil. Yana da wuya a faɗi yadda a cikin tunanin mutane sunan wata kabila daga Kudancin Amirka ke da alaƙa da wani samfur daga Arewacin Amirka, amma ba irin wannan sha'awar ta faru a tarihi ba. Urushalima artichoke kuma ana kiranta da "pear duniya" - saboda takamaiman tubers masu siffar pear, da kuma a cikin harshen Ingilishi - kuma a matsayin "Artichok na Urushalima", kodayake a zahiri ba shi da alaƙa da Urushalima. Italiyanci mazauna a Amurka kira Urushalima artichoke "sunflower artichoke": a cikin ra'ayi, da tubers dandana kamar artichoke, da kuma general bayyanar da shuka sunflower. Kalmar Italiyanci don sunflower shine girasol. Ga sauran mazauna ƙasar, wannan kalma ta yi kama da “Urushalima” (Urushalima), kuma an kafa ta da sunan.
A Turai, wani bakon shuka ya bayyana a farkon karni na XNUMX. A cewar wasu kafofin, mai binciken Samuel de Champlain ne ya fara kawo shi, a cewar wasu - matafiyi Mark Lescarbault. Wata hanya ko wata, Urushalima artichoke ya zo Faransa, kuma daga nan shuka ya yada zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Ya shahara musamman a Belgium da Holland. Amma riga a cikin karni na XNUMX, Urushalima artichoke an manta da shi, zamanin da ya fara da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙarancin kalori.
A Rasha, farkon ambaton Urushalima artichoke ya koma rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, amma da farko an yi amfani da shuka don dalilai na magani kawai, an fara amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci bayan karni guda.
MAGANIN BUKATAR
A tubers da sama-kasa taro na Urushalima artichoke dauke da babban adadin pectin, na abinci fiber, gina jiki, amino acid, ciki har da muhimmanci macro- da microelements, kazalika da Organic da m acid, wanda ke da karfi antioxidant sakamako. Dangane da abun ciki na magnesium, baƙin ƙarfe, silicon, zinc, da bitamin B1, B2 da C, Urushalima artichoke ya fi dankali, karas, beets tebur.
Kuma mafi mahimmanci, ba kamar dankali ba, Urushalima artichoke baya haɗa sitaci, amma inulin. Inulin yana kusa da fiber a cikin sinadaran sinadaran, amma a lokaci guda yana nuna kaddarorin prebiotic. Yana normalizes aiki na gastrointestinal fili, yana taimakawa rage matakan cholesterol, yana da hypoglycemic, choleretic, soothing, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-mai kumburi da immunostimulating effects a jikin mutum.
Jerusalem artichoke, a matsayin tushen inulin, kwanan nan ya jawo karuwar sha'awa a duniya.
Kamar yadda aka lura Natalya Anushkevich, wakilin wakili na Urushalima artichoke a yankin Arewa maso yamma, da shugaban Bayyana Farm Fartch a shekara ta 2012, fasaha don samar da fasaha don samarwa na dankali. "Wannan babban filastik ne, al'adar daidaitawa, yana gafarta wasu kurakurai lokacin girma. Kowa zai iya yin hakan, amma ana buƙatar kayan aikin dankalin turawa don shuka, kulawa da girbi' ta bayyana.
«Ana noman artichoke na Urushalima ta amfani da fasaha mai kama da dankalin turawa- ya ba da labarin kwarewarsa Denis Kozykin, Daraktan Bincike a Istagro Don LLC (a halin yanzu ita ce babbar cibiyar sarrafa artichoke ta Kudu a Turai. Kamfanin yana iya sarrafa fiye da ton dubu 40 na artichoke na Urushalima a kowace shekara, ton 500 kowace rana), - ya haɗa da dasa shuki tare da tazarar jeri na 75 ko 90 cm, samuwar tudu, tazarar layi, cirewa da girbi tare da mai girbin dankalin turawa.".
CIGABA
Ba kamar dankali ba, Urushalima artichoke tubers ba su da wani abin toshe kwalaba Layer (rufe da bakin ciki fata), saboda haka an adana su mafi muni. A cikin 30s na karni na XNUMX, wannan fasalin na al'ada ya zama babban cikas ga yawan rarrabawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.
Matashin masanin ilimin halitta Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ya kawo artichoke na Urushalima daga tafiya zuwa kasashen waje kuma yana fatan cewa shuka mai amfani da rashin fahimta zai taimaka wa gwamnatin Soviet ta shawo kan yunwa. A cikin 1937, Commissariat na Jama'a sun amince da kuduri kan aikin noma kan tilas noman artichoke na Urushalima ta hanyar gonakin gama gari. Amma ya juya daga cewa "earten pear" a cikin yanayin cellars da cellars ana adana ba fiye da wata ɗaya ba, kuma sun manta da shi shekaru da yawa.
Wuraren ajiya na zamani suna ba da damar kiyaye tubers artichoke na Urushalima a cikin ingancin kasuwanci har zuwa watanni 4-6, kuma don wasu nau'ikan har ma ya fi tsayi. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki na ajiya yana cikin kewayon daga 0 zuwa +2 ° C.
Masana kuma kula da gaskiyar cewa tubers dug a cikin kaka ana adana fiye da spring tubers.
Babban bambanci daga dankali: Urushalima artichoke shine amfanin gona na perennial. Ana iya girbe amfanin gona a cikin kaka da bazara. Hakanan ana iya aiwatar da saukowa duka a watan Mayu da Oktoba. Tubers suna barci a cikin hunturu kuma suna jure yanayin zafi ƙasa da -40 ° C ba tare da asara ba.
“Babban fa'idar Urushalima artichoke shine cewa an adana shi a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci., - Natalia Anushka-vich comments, - Idan ba ku tono shi a watan Oktoba, zaku iya yin shi a cikin Afrilu-Mayu".
Urushalima artichoke ba ta da kyau game da yanayin girma. Kusan kowace irin ƙasa ya dace da ita, sai dai mai ƙarfi acidic da ruwa (rubewar tuber na iya farawa ko da ambaliya na ɗan lokaci). Ana iya noma shi akan filaye da aka cire daga zagayawan noma. Mun kuma lura cewa tubers da aboveground taro na Urushalima artichoke ba su tara nauyi karafa (lead, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu) da kuma radionuclides.
Amma al'adar tana nuna sakamako mafi kyau a kan m loamy da yashi loamy, sako-sako da kasa tare da tsaka tsaki ko dan kadan acidic dauki.
Tushen artichoke na Urushalima ya shiga zurfin mita biyu a cikin ƙasa, saboda wannan yana jure fari.
Al'adar tana amsawa ga hadi. "Urushalima artichoke za a iya girma gaba ɗaya Organic - jaddada Natalia Anushkevich, - amma takin ma'adinai na iya kara yawan amfanin gona".
An horar da al'adun a ko'ina cikin Rasha, yana samar da mafi girma a cikin yankunan tsakiya da kudancin kasar (mafi kyawun yanayi don girma, alal misali, a cikin Crimea - idan gonar tana da ban ruwa). "Muna kuma aiki a yankin Leningrad. Masanin ya bayyana wannan yanki yana cikin yankin noma mai haɗari, amma muna samun ingantaccen girbi a kowace shekara. A wannan batun, girma Urushalima artichoke ya fi dogara fiye da dankali ko karas.".
Lokacin girma na Urushalima artichoke yana daga kwanaki 120. Hatsi na hunturu da bazara, ciyawa na shekara-shekara, legumes, amfanin gona na jere na iya zama magabata. Urushalima artichoke ba ta shafar kwari kuma, tare da kulawa mai kyau, a zahiri ba ya yin rashin lafiya, don haka ba a buƙatar amfani da samfuran kariyar shuka. Af, wannan ya sa al'adar ta yi alkawarin noman kwayoyin halitta.
«Kamfaninmu yanzu yana fuskantar takaddun shaida don aikin noma- in ji Denis Kozykin, - Ba ma amfani da takin ma'adinai da hanyoyin kariya yayin girma artichoke na Urushalima. Af, don Urushalima artichoke babu wani magani na HSZR da aka yiwa rajista a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.".
Duk da haka, idan an keta fasahar fasaha, nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Jerusalem artichoke ba a ba da shawarar a sanya shi a kan filayen bayan amfanin gona mai saukin kamuwa da wannan cuta: alal misali, bayan sunflower).
Yawan aiki: daga 10 zuwa 40 t / ha don tubers da 20 zuwa 50 t / ha don taro na kore - dangane da yankin namo.
Tubers suna da sifar pear, oblong-oval ko mai siffa mai santsi, tare da santsi ko fage. Launi - daga fari zuwa ja-violet. Idanuwan sun kadu. A daya daga cikin tsire-tsire iri-iri, yawan tubers yakan kai 20-30 guda, a cikin nau'i-nau'i na daji - har zuwa 70. Yawan tuber - daga 10 g - ya dogara da iri-iri da yanki na noma.
IsAgro Don LLC, wanda ke noman amfanin gona a kan kadada 900, ya zaɓi nau'in Skorospelka don samar da albarkatun ƙasa. и Omsk fari.
Denis Kozykin yayi magana game da su kamar haka: “Tsofaffi da wuri tsoho iri-iri ne, amma mai yiwuwa ya fi kowa. Yana da farkon cikakke, fari jure, samar da manyan tubers. A bara, na auna daya daga cikin samfurori da suka zo a fadin, ya fitar da 780 g, tabbas sun fi girma. Amma surface na tubers ne m, knobby. Farin Omsk - ƙarin fasaha, tubers suna da tsayin tsayi, har ma, kamar dankali, sun fi dacewa da kwasfa.".
Fasali | AIKATA |
Akwai fiye da ɗari uku iri da hybrids na Urushalima artichoke a duniya. An gabatar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na su a cikin tarin kimiyya na Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Rasha ta Duk-Russian. Vavilov (VIR), Cibiyar Nazarin Tarayya don Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorkha, KFH "Cibiyar kimiyya da samarwa don samar da iri da sarrafa kayan aikin Jerusalem artichoke a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na Rasha", Viva LLC da sauran masu bincike da masu samarwa. Mafi kyawun alƙawarin, a cewar ɗaya daga cikin mawallafa na Shirin Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai " Innovative ci gaban dankalin turawa da kuma Urushalima artichoke samar" , kimiyya sarrafa na IstAgro Don ayyukan a Dankov, Lipetsk yankin da kuma Viva LLC, Kostroma yankin, Viktor Starovoitov, su ne: Pasko, Solnechny, VIR News, Interest, Skorospelka, Sireniki, Omsky, Dessert. , Anastas, da dai sauransu Masanin kimiyya ya bambanta daga shigo da iri Violet de Rens da Spindel. A lokaci guda, da Jihar Register na Kiwo nasarori a yau ya hada da kawai biyar iri na al'adu: Interest (shekara hadawa - 1986), Omsky Bely (shekarar of hada - 2014), Pasko (shekarar hadawa - 2010), Skorospelka (shekara hadawa - 1965), Sunny (shekara hada - 2010) Wannan isa ga nasara aiki?Muna aiki tare da nau'ikan bokan guda uku: Skorospelka, Solnechny da Pasko- in ji Natalya Anushkevich. - A cikin yanayinmu, sun tabbatar sun fi wasu. A lokaci guda, ana la'akari da Skorospelka da Solnechny da wuri, ana iya girbe amfanin gona kwanaki 120-140 bayan dasa shuki. Pasko - daga baya, lokacin ripening 160-180 days. Pasko da Solnechny suna da girma har ma da tubers, don haka sun fi dacewa da sarrafawa. Bugu da ƙari, tubers na waɗannan nau'o'in suna da launi mai kauri (don haka suna dadewa) da kuma abun ciki na inulin mafi girma."A cewar masana, babu matsala game da siyan kayan iri na nau'in nau'in da aka haɗa a cikin Rijistar Jiha a Rasha. Akwai gonakin iri a cikin ƙasar da ke aikin samar da asali, fitattu da kuma haifuwa iri na Urushalima artichoke daidai da GOST R 55757-2013. | «Abu mafi mahimmanci da manomi wanda ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar noman artichoke na Urushalima ya kamata ya yi, - Natalya Anushkevich ya tabbata, - shi ne ya tantance wa zai sayar da amfanin gonar da aka samu” Ana iya samun zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. gonaki da ke kusa da manyan birane na iya ba da sabbin tubers ga shagunan abinci na kiwon lafiya (misali, VkusVill ko Azbuka Vkusa) Wata hanya kuma ita ce fara samar da kayan iri, bayan an wuce tsarin ba da takardar shaida, a sayar da girbin ga sauran manoma. artichoke wani abu ne mai mahimmanci don sarrafawa. Har yanzu dai masana'antar sarrafa kayayyaki a kasar Rasha tana kan karagar mulki, amma a yankuna da dama akwai kananan masana'antu da ke samar da syrups, 'ya'yan itacen candied, chips da sauran kayayyakin daga Jerusalem artichoke. Babban kamfani kawai - "Istagro Don" - yana cikin yankin Lipetsk. An sanya matakin farko na shuka a cikin 2021. "Kamfanin yanzu yana aiki ne da kayan amfanin kansa, amma kuma muna shirye don siyan artichoke na Urushalima daga manoma. - Denis Kozykin comments mun tsunduma cikin noman wannan amfanin gona, da dai sauransu, domin mu nuna cewa yana da sauki da riba.". » |
A yau, IsAgro Don yana samar da nau'ikan sinadarai masu yawa don masana'antar abinci da wadatar samfuran tare da prebiotics. Tsakanin su:
- Urushalima artichoke gari (yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, ya ƙunshi har zuwa 70% inulin kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙari mai amfani a cikin fastoci, muesli, hatsi, da kuma a matsayin burodi ga kayan nama, kamar yadda yake haɓaka ɗanɗanon nama na halitta);
- yankakken yankakken Urushalima artichoke (wanda aka sayar a matsayin samfurin da aka kammala ko a cikin nau'in kwakwalwan kwamfuta);
- babban fructose syrup (an ƙara zuwa kayan abinci ko kuma ana sayar da shi azaman kayan da aka shirya);
Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin yana samar da abin sha na kofi daga Urushalima artichoke tare da babban abun ciki na inulin (har zuwa 50%) da dandano mai dadi na halitta (samfurin yana kama da sanannun abin sha na chicory).
Amma sauran kwatance don sarrafawa kuma suna yiwuwa. Jerusalem artichoke, alal misali, yana da yuwuwar samar da ethanol.
Itacen itacen zuma mai kyau ne mai kyau, kuma zumar da aka samu daga nectar na furen artichoke na Urushalima ba ta ƙunshi sukari ba. Busassun furanni na Urushalima artichoke ana amfani da su don yin shayi.
Urushalima artichoke shine ainihin abin nema ga masu kiwon dabbobi, kamar yadda duka tubers da koren tsire-tsire na iya zama abincin dabbobi masu ƙarfi. Don haka, lokacin da aka ƙara koren taro (ko gari na ganye daga gare ta) a cikin abincin shanu (har zuwa 30%), riga a ranar 5th-6th, yawan adadin madara yana ƙaruwa, yawan kitsen madara yana ƙaruwa, dabbobi. rage rashin lafiya. Mai tushe da ganyen Urushalima artichoke suna da kyau.
Ana amfani da tubers na artichoke na Urushalima sosai a cikin filayen farauta kuma suna zama abinci ga kurege, elks, boars daji.
Kudus artichoke shuka ce mai ban sha'awa, ana shuka shi don dawo da amfanin gonakin da amfanin gona mai yawa ya lalace. Har ila yau akwai wata dabara ta yin amfani da artichoke na Urushalima a cikin yaƙar Sosnovsky's hogweed. Natalya Anushkevich ya haɓaka fasaha kuma ya ba da izini shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
«Ina tsammanin cewa duk abubuwan da ke da kyau na Urushalima artichoke ba su ma bincika ba tukuna. - Denis Kozykin ya taƙaita, - kuma yana da babban buri a kasarmu. Bukatar kayayyakin artichoke na Kudus na karuwa kowace shekara, wanda ke nufin za a bude sabbin masana'antu don samar da shi.".
«Hakika, wannan ba al'adar gargajiya ba ce ga Rasha. - ci gaba Natalya Anushkevich, - kuma har yanzu ba mu kafa masana'antu don samarwa da sarrafa su ba, amma muna aiki tuƙuru kan hakan".
KADAN MAGANA GAME DA CONS
Shin akwai wasu kurakurai ga al'adar da ke da kyawawan halaye masu yawa?
Kamar yadda muka rubuta a sama, Urushalima artichoke yana da iyakataccen rayuwa. Yana da m tubers, wanda complicates aikin sarrafawa. Amma mafi mahimmanci, akwai ra'ayi mai karfi a tsakanin masu samar da noma cewa Urushalima artichoke, a matsayin shuka wanda ya zo kasarmu daga wata nahiya kuma ba shi da makiya na halitta a cikin wannan yanayi, yana da ikon haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba. Da gaske ne?
Natalya Anushkevich ya tabbata cewa lokacin amfani da iri iri, manoma ba za su taɓa fuskantar irin waɗannan matsalolin ba. "Kama yankuna kawai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na dajiinji masanin. muna aiki tare da iri-iri: idan kun daina kula da su, sun daina kiwo".
Farfesa Starovoitov ya yarda da ita: "Urushalima artichoke yana da matukar juriya ga canje-canje na waje. Saboda wannan, da yawa waɗanda ba su da hannu a cikin noman sa suna da ra'ayin cewa wannan "hog parsnip lamba biyu", ko da yake wannan ba haka ba ne. Urushalima artichoke, ba kamar hogweed ba, ba ya yada ta tsaba a cikin nesa mai nisa. A cikin 30s, Urushalima artichoke an noma ta kusan kowace gona ta gama gari, amma babu wani mummunan sakamako. Bugu da ƙari, an san hanyoyi masu tasiri don cire artichoke na Urushalima daga jujjuya amfanin gona.".
Idan masu karatunmu suna da nasu ra'ayi game da wannan batu, za mu yi godiya ga labari game da kwarewa na sirri.