Kwanan nan, a cikin aikin noma na ƙasashen EU, an sami yanayin rage yawan amfani da kayan kariya na shuka (wanda ake kira PPPs). A lokaci guda, akwai neman madadin shirye-shirye na musamman masu haɗari da haɗari na magungunan kashe qwari (azuzuwan I, II), da haɓaka aiki a cikin aikin noma na hanyoyin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta na kwari, phytopathogens da weeds. Misali, a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun Farm zuwa cokali mai yatsa (wani muhimmin bangare na yarjejeniyar Green Green na Turai, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta buga dabarun a watan Mayu 2020), an shirya rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (kayan aikinsu masu aiki) ta 50% zuwa 2030. Dangane da sabon bayanan da aka buga don Fabrairu 2022, 934 abubuwa masu aiki sun karɓi izininsu a cikin EU, tare da 448 da aka amince da 67 suna jiran. An ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2022, izinin da aka bayar don abubuwa 200 masu aiki a cikin EU zai ƙare. A lokaci guda, akwai haɗarin soke izini, ciki har da saboda rikitarwa da haɓakar farashin aiwatar da rajistar abubuwa masu aiki a cikin EU, don 34% na maganin kwari, 23% na fungicides, 35% na herbicides. Bugu da kari, a cikin EU ana samun karuwa a hankali a cikin yankin da ake mamaye da noman tsire-tsire. Don haka, bisa ga kididdigar FAOSTAT, alal misali, a cikin EU, yankin noma na noma ya mamaye kadada dubu 2018 a shekarar 13016,254, da kadada dubu 2019 a shekarar 13905,6276; a cikin 2020 - 14737,191 kadada dubu. Don kwatanta, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ya kai kadada dubu 2018 a cikin 606,975, hekta 2019 a shekarar 674,34, da kadada dubu 2020 a shekarar 615,19.
A cikin mahallin raguwar amfani da kayan kariya na shuka da kuma yada tsarin kula da amfanin gona, batun yin amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na zamani don feshi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ya zama mahimmanci. Daya daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin da suka nuna ingancinsu akwai jiragen marasa matuka (daga nan ake kira da jirage marasa matuka), sanye da kayan aikin feshin amfanin gona da dasa itatuwan noma da itatuwa da kayayyakin kariya daga shuka.
A halin yanzu, ba a ba da izinin yin amfani da jirage marasa matuki a cikin kariyar shuka ba bisa doka a cikin EU - Dokar EU (2009/128/EC) ta hana feshin iska a cikin ƙasashen EU. Haramcin feshin iska a aikace ya iyakance cikakken amfani da jirage marasa matuka a cikin EU a matsayin hanyoyin fasaha na zamani don gabatar da samfuran kariya daga shuka. Bugu da kari, tsayayyen tsarin haramcin da ake da shi baya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ci gaban fasahar kere-kere a wannan fanni na kare tsirrai. A saboda haka ne masu ruwa da tsaki a Turai da dama ke matsa kaimi don yin nazari tare da gyara wannan umarnin dangane da amfani da jirage marasa matuka wajen feshi.
A halin yanzu, babban ci gaba a fannin fasahar yin amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu wajen fesa kayayyakin kariya daga shuka, ya samu nasarar samun babban ci gaba daga kasashen Asiya, musamman kasar Sin.
Amma ga ƙasarmu, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ba duk kayan kariya na shuka ba suna da izini don amfani da jiyya na iska. Kuna iya gano ko wani magani yana da irin wannan izini ta hanyar komawa zuwa sigar yanzu na kundin adireshi na magungunan kashe qwari da agrochemicals da aka yarda da su (maganin magungunan kashe qwari waɗanda ke da irin wannan izinin suna da alamar harafin "A"). Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga ka'idoji, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, jiragen sama marasa nauyi tare da nauyin tashi daga 0,25 kg zuwa 30 kg suna ƙarƙashin rajista na wajibi.
Don daidaitaccen fesa magungunan kashe qwari, jirage marasa matuki suna sanye da tsarin sarrafawa don aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da su shine yuwuwar gabatar da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire tare da girman digo mai kyau a ƙarancin amfani. Digon da aka tarwatse yana ba da kyakkyawar ɗaukar hoto, wanda ke ba da damar yin yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa yadda yakamata a ƙananan ƙimar aikace-aikacen, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci don hana fitowar al'ummomi masu juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa. Amfanin da ba a iya musantawa na gabatar da samfuran kariya daga shuka ta amfani da jirage marasa matuki shine ƙaramin tasiri ga muhalli, kan ruwa mai fa'ida da macro- da microbiota na ƙasa, da ƙarancin farashi na jiyya da ƙarancin kuɗin aiki ga manoma. Amma babbar matsala game da amfani da jirage marasa matuka ta kasance hadarin feshin feshi zuwa filayen da ke makwabtaka da su inda amfanin gona da ke kula da magungunan da ake amfani da su na iya girma. A cewar binciken, za a iya rage hadarin feshi ta hanyar rage hawan jirgin mara matuki. Dangane da tsayin amfanin gona da ake fesa, jirgin na iya yin aiki a tsayi daban-daban (yawanci 3-10 m). Gabaɗaya, suna da tasiri don fesa iska mai ƙarancin ƙarfi na samfuran kariya daga amfanin gona a ƙananan tudu. Wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne cewa tare da irin wannan nau'in maganin ana samun raguwar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tun lokacin da jirgin ya ba da maganin kashe qwari kawai a wuraren da ya dace (a yankunan ci gaban cututtuka, ciyawa, da kwari) yana kama wani karamin yanki a ciki. wadanda za a iya samun kwayoyin cutar da tsirrai. A wannan yanayin, ana iya daidaita kashi na shirye-shirye dangane da matakin kamuwa da cuta / weediness na amfanin gona (watau daidaitawa ga yanayin canzawa).
Babban daidaito na yin amfani da PPPs ta amfani da drones yana ba ku damar sauri da kuma magance sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, musamman lokacin ƙara adjuvants zuwa mafita.
Don haka, bisa ga gwaji na aiki, tasirin safiya (da karfe 7 na safe) da maraice (7 na yamma) jiyya tare da maganin 6% na maganin kashe kwari (mai aiki mai aiki chlorantraniliprole + abamectin) tare da adjuvant mai Refei (China) ta amfani da drones (China) a kan masara fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda ya kasance sama da 90% kwanaki 7 bayan jiyya na farko da kwanaki 7 bayan maganin kashe kwari na biyu. A lokaci guda kuma, jirage marasa matuka sun fesa maganin kashe kwari daga tsayin mita 2, a saurin iska na 3 m/s. Bugu da kari, akwai ingantacciyar ingantacciyar hanyar kula da amfanin gona na masara tare da shirye-shiryen microbiological na aikin kwari dangane da dakatarwa. Metarhizium anisopliae (Biliyan 8 spores/g) - ingancin ya fito daga 37,1% tare da matsakaicin yawan kwaro na 16,6 caterpillars a kowace 100 shuka masara.
An kuma bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya cewa ƙara SURFOM ADJ 8860 adjuvants zuwa maganin kashe kwari a cikin cakuda tanki; OXITENO (Brazil) ya nuna babban tasiri a kan powdery mildew akan alkama. Don haka, a yawan amfani da 15 l / ha na miyagun ƙwayoyi, an ƙara 150 ml / ha na cakuda tanki na SURFOM ADJ 8860 adjuvants; OXITENO (Brazil), amma ko da lokacin da kashi na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ragu da 1/3 tare da ƙari na cakuda adjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860; OXITENO (Brazil) tasiri na kariya daga powdery mildew na alkama ya kasance mai girma.
Bugu da kari, ana iya amfani da jirage marasa matuka don sakin daidaitattun abubuwan sarrafa halittu daga iska. Don haka, a cewar wani bincike na kimiyya, an yi amfani da jirage marasa matuki don fitar da ciyayi daga iska. Rhinocomimus latipes a kan ciyawa Persicaria perfoliata, yana da matsayi na ƙayyadaddun kwaro na keɓe masu rarraba a cikin ƙasashen Turai da girma a cikin ƙasashen Asiya.
Jiragen marasa matuka dai na dauke da kwantena masu dauke da kwantena takwas. Kowace kwantena tana dauke da manyan kwari guda 20. An yi kasan kwantena da yumbu mai bakin ciki, yayin da ake cikin jirgin an lalata shi, kuma an saki kwari. Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa wannan hanyar sakin ciyayi bai yi tasiri sosai kan rayuwa da ikon ciyar da abinci ba. R. lambobi. Saki inganci R. lambobi da Persicaria perfoliata ya canza zuwa -68,8% da 88,8%.
Har ila yau, bisa binciken kimiyya, ana iya amfani da jirage marasa matuka don sakin kwari na maza. Muna magana ne game da hanyar sarrafa ilimin halitta wanda aka saki mazan da ba su da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) saki a cikin yankin inda kwaro ya yadu. Maza bakararre suna yin aure da matan gida ba tare da sun haifi 'ya'ya masu kyau ba, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan kwarin. A cikin keɓanɓan wurare, har ma da cikakken kawar da kwaro na iya faruwa bayan jerin sakewa na tsari a duk faɗin ƙasar. Don tabbatar da ingancin hanyar da kuma rage yawan mace-macen maza na gida tare da mata na gida, rabon mazan da ba su da haihuwa da na gida ya kamata ya zama akalla 1:10. Bugu da kari, dabi'ar jima'i na mazan da ba su haihuwa ya kamata ya zama kama da na mazan daji. Babban fa'idar wannan hanyar ita ce ƙarancin tasirin muhalli da nau'ikan da ba a kai ba, amma a aikace, sakin kwari mara kyau hanya ce mai tsada, kuma tana buƙatar bin fasaha, tunda a lokuta da yawa kwari na iya lalacewa har ma da lalacewa. mutu a lokacin saki, ba tare da yin tasiri a kan yawan kwaro
A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa amfani da sabbin fasahohi a aikin noma yana da matuƙar yuwuwar duka yayin amfani da samfuran kariyar shukar sinadarai da kuma tsarin rayuwa. A halin yanzu, fasahohin amfani da jirage marasa matuka wajen kare tsirrai ba su da cikakkiyar ma'anar shari'a a cikin kasashen Turai, wanda ke dakushe ci gaban fasaha a wannan fanni. A kasar Rasha, amfani da jirage marasa matuka wajen kare tsirrai ya fara samun karbuwa sosai, amma yana da kyau a lura cewa yin amfani da kwarewar kasashen waje a cikin yanayin kasarmu na bukatar gwaji mai yawa na fasahar kan amfanin gona daban-daban, da kuma ci gaba. da aiwatar da adjuvant na gida. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa, ci gaban fasahar cikin gida na jiragen sama marasa matuki, zai ba mu damar samun ikon mallakar fasaha na kasarmu, ciki har da fannin kare shuka.
Maria Erokhova, ƙaramin mai bincike a VNIIF