Samar da kuma kiyaye kyawawan fatun tuber a lokacin adana dogon lokaci yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da riba mai yawa a cikin masana'antar dankalin turawa, kamar yadda dankalin da aka wanke da kuma kunshe-kunshe ya mamaye kasuwancin zamani. Dankali kamar launin fata mara kyau ko rashin daidaituwa da yanayin matsala ce mai mahimmanci kuma mai tsada da ba za a yarda da ita ba don ƙi ko rage darajar masana'antar. Tabbas, akwai wasu matsalolin kwasfa masu alaƙa da bayyanar cututtuka da yawa da cututtukan physiological (nett, greening, lentil overgrown, fasa, lalacewar injiniya), amma wannan labarin zai yi magana ne kawai game da kwasfa na halitta da kuma damar inganta yanayin sa. yanayi.
A cikin wallafe-wallafe na musamman, kwasfa ko nama na ƙwayar dankalin turawa ana kiransa tare da periderm. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan sel wanda ke rage asarar ruwa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin parenchyma kuma yana ba da kariya daga cututtukan ƙasa. Matsakaicin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sel guda uku: phellem ( abin toshe kwalaba ), phellogen (cork cambium) da phelloderm (Fig. 1). Kalmar “bawo” wani lokaci ana amfani da ita don nufin gabaɗayan ɓarna, wani lokaci kuma don komawa ga phellem kawai.
phellem ko filogi shine mafi girman nama na periderm, wanda ke tsayayya da asarar ruwa, yana da ƙarfin injina kuma yana aiki azaman shinge mai tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi. Kwayoyin phellem suna da siffar kusan “bulo” kuma suna dacewa da juna sosai ba tare da sarari tsakanin salula ba. Tsarin dankalin turawa na yau da kullun na nau'ikan iri daban-daban shine yadudduka tantanin halitta 7-18 tare da jimlar kauri na 100 -200 microns. Ta hanyar kyalli da tabo da rini irin su berberine, phellem yana sauƙin bayyanawa yana da wadata a cikin suberin, kuma wannan yana bambanta sel phellem a fili daga sassan tantanin halitta. Suberin shine polymer hydrophobic wanda ya ƙunshi phenolic da mahadi na aliphatic gicciye tare da glycerol kuma yana cikin gida tsakanin bango na farko da plasmalemma. Kwayoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna cike da iska don haka suna ba da kariya ta thermal, bangon da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana hana mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta (masu aikin injiniya da sinadarai), kuma abubuwan da aka sanya a cikin suberin suna hana kyallen ciki daga bushewa.
Bayan suberin, dankalin turawa tuber periderm yana ƙunshe da wasu sinadarai masu kariya da yawa tare da antioxidant, antibacterial da kuma maganin kwari. Wadannan abubuwa na iya zama tsaka-tsakin samfuran suberin biosynthesis ko metabolites masu kariya masu zaman kansu. Metabolites sun hada da maras iyakacin duniya waxes, cikakken da unsaturated m acid, cikakken dicarboxylic acid, monoacylglycerol, 1-alkanols, n-alkanes, sterols da polyphenols, quinic acid, phenolicamines, phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoalkaloids, solanine glycoalkaloids, solanine. Solatriose da sauransu), saponins, polyamines (putrescine, maniyyi da kuma spermidine abubuwan da suka faru), kazalika da methylprotodioscin da protodioscin.
Samuwar bawon dankalin turawa na halitta (na asali) yana faruwa a matakai uku: 1- farawa na periderm - cambial phellogen yana samuwa ta hanyar bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin subepidermal; 2- ci gaba da rashin girma periderm - phellogen mai aiki yana ƙara ƙarin yadudduka na fata zuwa girma tuber; Rarraba phellogen yana da rauni kuma yana da saurin lalacewa, wanda zai iya haifar da rabuwa da fata daga ɓangaren ɓangaren tuber da kuma matsalar samar da tsada mai tsada na lalacewar fata; 3- maturation na periderm - tuber yana daina girma a ƙarshen lokacin girma, ba a buƙatar sabbin ƙwayoyin fata, kuma phellogen ya zama mara aiki. A sakamakon haka, da periderm yadudduka manne da ƙarfi ga tuber ɓangaren litattafan almara (parenchyma) a cikin wani tsari da ake magana a kai a matsayin saiti, ripening, da kuma tabbatar da kwasfa (Fig. 2).
Tushen dankalin turawa wani tushe ne da aka gyara wanda ya fara bambanta azaman kumbura na internode kusa da toho mai ƙoshin stolon. Babban Layer na stolon shine epidermis, wanda ya warwatse stomata. Duk da yake tuber yana ƙarami, an riga an maye gurbin epidermis ta hanyar periderm, wanda ke farawa a ƙarshen tushe na tuber mai tasowa kuma nan da nan ya bazu a kan dukan surface. Ƙwararren ya zama cikakke lokacin da tuber ya kai girman fis. Kamar yadda ƙwanƙwasa ke samuwa, sel kai tsaye da ke ƙasa da wurin stomata suna rarraba rayayye kuma suna samar da lentil. A lokacin girma tuber da ci gaban periderm, phellogen yana aiki ne na gefe meristem. Kwayoyin phellogen suna rarraba kuma sababbin ƙwayoyin da ke waje na tuber sun zama sel phelleme. Samar da ƙwayoyin phellem ta hanyar phellogen da asarar ƙwayoyin phellem ta hanyar fitar da su a saman tuber suna cikin daidaitattun daidaito yayin da tuber ke girma. Phelloderm kuma yana fitowa daga phellogen.
An lalata sassan masu juyawa tare da hematoxylin kuma an duba su a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope (bangaren hagu) da microscope na ultraviolet (panel na dama, bangon baƙar fata) don bincika yanayin halittar nama da ƙwayoyin sel, da autofluorescence na bangon tantanin halitta, bi da bi. (A) Ƙaddamarwar lokaci-kwayoyin subepidermal suna jurewa don samar da baƙaƙen phellogen (Phg) (mai da'ira), waɗanda a jere suna samar da phellemcellae (fararen sel). (B) Ci gaban epidermal mara girma - phellogen ya ci gaba da aiki kuma yana ƙara ƙarin sel (Ph) zuwa tuber mai faɗaɗa. Hoton da aka girma (girman 2,5x) yana nuna rabe-raben sel tsakanin sel biyu (kibiyoyi ja). Ganuwar tantanin halitta yana da haɗari ga lalacewa, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa da kwasfa da balagagge daga saman tuber. (C) maturation na periderm-bayan cire ganye ko tsiron tsiro, tsiron tsiro yana tsayawa, sel phellogen yana daina rarrabawa, kuma ana haifar da tsarin daidaitawa. Ba a gano Layer phellogen a matakin maturation. Matsakaicin ma'auni: 200 µm.
Lokacin da kwasfa dankalin turawa ba a cikakken kafa, ya lalace (rabu) ta hanyar sadarwa tare da sassan aiki na inji, duwatsu, lumps, fadowa tubers, da dai sauransu. Wadannan lalacewa sun warke saboda samuwar raunin rauni (hoto 3). Matsakaicin asali da rauni suna kama da asalin nama, tsari da ilimin halittar jiki, amma sun bambanta a cikin tsarin jikewa da abun da ke cikin pectin da anthocyanin. Bugu da ƙari, suberin na raunin rauni yana wadatar da shi a cikin waxy alkyl ferulates kuma ya fi dacewa da ruwa. A cikin kwanaki 1-3, an kafa wani sutura mai sutura a cikin yankin da aka lalace, wanda ganuwar bude sel na tuber parenchyma ke sha lignification / suberization. A rana ta 3, primordia na phellogen ya zama sananne, kuma ginshiƙan sababbin ƙwayoyin phellemal suna bayyane a fili a ƙarƙashin murfin murfin. Daga rana ta 4, sabon nau'in phellem yana jurewa daga cikin yadudduka na waje zuwa ciki, kuma a rana ta 8, ƙananan yadudduka na phellem sun zama masu laushi kuma suna haɗuwa, wanda ke nuna maturation na raunin rauni.
Haɓakawa na wucin gadi a cikin matakan auxin da lipid hydroxyperoxide mintuna 20-30 bayan rauni yana fara al'amuran cytological waɗanda ke haifar da samuwar rauni. Matakan abscisic acid, ethylene, da jasmonic acid suma suna ƙaruwa da ɗan lokaci jim kaɗan bayan rauni kuma kafin fara samuwar ɓarna. Ƙunƙarar raunin da ya haifar da rauni yakan faru da sauri a 20-25 ° C, yana jinkirta a ƙananan zafin jiki (10-15 ° C), kuma an hana shi a yanayin zafi sama da 35 ° C, a O concentrations.2 kasa da 1% da zazzabi 15°C ko sama. Haɗin zafin jiki, ƙwayar iskar oxygen da zafi na dangi dole ne a inganta bisa ga yanayin ilimin halittar jiki na tubers don rufe kyallen jikin da aka fallasa cikin sauri da sauri da hana shigowar pathogen da asarar ruwa.
Rashin haɓakar fata, wanda ke haifar da duhun nau'ikan fata masu santsi (hoto 3B), galibi ana haifar da shi ta yanayin girma mara kyau. Wannan cuta ta physiological ba ta haifar da cututtuka ba. Launi mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa na iya zama dabi'ar halitta, kamar a cikin sanannen iri-iri na Amurka Russet Burbank. Tubers tare da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa suna da nau'i mai kauri na phellem fiye da dankali da fata mai santsi, kuma ga nau'in fasaha wannan sifa ce mai amfani, tun lokacin da ya fi girma fata, ƙananan lalacewar ciki ga tubers, mafi girma da kasuwa na amfanin gona. Ƙirƙirar sassan sel na sel na iya haifar da haɓaka aikin phellogen wanda ya haifar, alal misali, daga yanayin zafin ƙasa ko ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin kai na sel phellem kusa da su don kada su ɓace yayin haɓakar tuber. Hakanan yana iya kasancewa saboda haɓakar haɓakawa ko haɓaka abun ciki na pectin da hemicellulose. Yayin da tuber ya faɗaɗa yayin haɓakawa, fata mai kauri yana fashe, yana haifar da launi mai laushi ko ja-launin ruwan kasa.
Algorithms da sakamakon samuwar fatar dankalin turawa a yanayi daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. An yi nazarin samuwar ɗan ƙasa da rauni na dankalin turawa tsawon shekarun da suka gabata kuma an biya babban hankali ga yanayin suberization na bangon sel phellem, watau. tsarin da ke ba da periderm kayan kariya na asali. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an yi nazari sosai kan abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta na hanyoyin samar da kwasfa, an gano tushen asalin wani launi na kwasfa da yawa. An samu nasara wajen canza launin fata na nau'in dankalin turawa da aka sani ta hanyar gabatar da kwayoyin halittar da ake so. Duk da haka, har yanzu babu fahimtar ainihin hanyoyin nazarin halittu da kuma damar da za a iya sarrafa kunnawar ƙwayoyin phellogen don ƙarin aiki na samuwar kwasfa na tuber a lokacin girma ko lalacewa na inji da rashin kunna waɗannan kwayoyin halitta yayin aiwatar da tuber ripening da saitin kwasfa na ƙarshe. The m periderm yana da rayayye rarraba phellogen Layer, da kuma balagagge periderm (nau'i na ajiya dankali) kuma yana da phellogen Layer, amma shi ba ya aiki kuma ba ya samar da sabon toshe sel.
Ana iya tantance yanayin bawon dankalin turawa duka a gani da kuma ta hanyoyin sarrafa kayan aiki daidai. Yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na samarwa yanzu suna amfani da sigogi masu inganci don taimakawa ma'aikatan gani don kimanta ingancin tubers dangane da nau'ikan da aka riga aka ƙayyade. (Misalin irin wannan zane yana cikin hoto na 4).
Ana amfani da sigogi masu inganci sosai saboda suna da arha don samarwa (kuma sau da yawa abokin ciniki ke bayarwa) kuma ana iya amfani da su don horar da ma'aikatan sarrafa ingancin samfur cikin sauri da sauƙi. Sai dai kuma, tantancewar da mutum ya ke yi bisa ga abin da ya gani na gani na zahiri da kuma kuskure. Sabili da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙaddamar da na'urar daukar hoto na gani a cikin filin tantance bayyanar tubers da yanayin kwasfa. Rarraba gani yana da inganci sosai, har zuwa tan 100 a cikin awa ɗaya, kuma yana tabbatar da ingancin samfur akai-akai (24/7) gwargwadon ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙi. Wannan fannin fasaha yana ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan shekaru 5 da suka gabata ikonsa ya iyakance ga binciken dankalin da aka wanke bisa ga sigogin 3-4, to a yau ana samar da kayan aikin kayan aikin gani don sigogi 7-8 na dankalin da ba a wanke ba (hoto 5). An riga an sami nasarori a cikin binciken gani na sub-fata, lahani na ciki na dankali.
Don bincika yanayin kwasfa, Hakanan zaka iya amfani da mita masu sheki na kasuwanci (hoto 6). Fatukan masu sheki suna nuna haske sosai, don haka ana tantance bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan ko nau'ikan dankali da ingancin fata daban-daban. An yi ƙoƙarin kera na'urori na musamman don dankali, amma hakan bai haifar da samar da yawa ba.
Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci agronomic da ke tasiri kuma za a iya amfani da su don inganta yanayin fata na dankalin turawa sun hada da iri-iri, nau'in ƙasa, zurfin shuka, abinci mai gina jiki, zafin jiki, damuwa na ruwa, ruwa, tsawon lokacin girma da kuma tsarin kula da bayan ajiya.
Yanayin kwasfa ya bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) sananne ne a cikin masana'antar tattara kaya da sarƙoƙi na tallace-tallace, amma halayen ingancin kwasfa na nau'in ba a daidaita su ba. Kamfanonin kiwo suna amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don kwatanta fatar nau'in. A baya can, sun fi nuna launi, zurfin idanu da santsi - meshness na kwasfa. Kwanan nan, kalmar "ƙarewa fata" ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma ba a buga ka'idojin sanya shi zuwa matakan wannan alamar " matalauta - matsakaici - mai kyau - mai kyau ". A sakamakon haka, ainihin yanayin kwasfa na kowane iri-iri a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙasa, yanayi da yanayin girma na fasaha yana bayyana ne kawai a aikace. Tsawon lokacin adana santsi na kwasfa yana ƙayyade dacewa da yiwuwar amfani da iri-iri don wankewa a duk lokacin ajiya. Ko da na fasaha iri-iri, m, m kwasfa ne unacceptable, tun da kudin na wankewa da sharar gida a lokacin da tsaftacewa tubers ƙara.
Nau'in ƙasa yana rinjayar tsabtar fata, amma tasirin yanayin ƙasa ba a bayyana shi daki-daki a kimiyyance ba. Tubers da ke girma a cikin yashi suna da yawan yadudduka na sel phellem fiye da tubers da ke girma a cikin humus. An sani a cikin masana'antar marufi cewa tubers da ke girma a cikin ƙasan silt ko yumbu suna da mafi kyawun wanke fata fiye da tubers waɗanda ke girma a cikin ƙasa mai yashi. Tubers da ke girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi na iya samun fata mai santsi, amma bayyanar waɗannan tubers na iya samun ƙarancin launi. Wato a kan tubers da ke girma a cikin ƙasa mai ƙazanta, layin kwalabe ya fi kauri, amma laushi, santsi, da haske sun fi kyau a kan ƙasan yumbu. Shuka mai zurfi yana haifar da ƙananan fatun idan aka kwatanta da shuka mara zurfi.
A cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai girma (28-33 ° C), tubers suna da fatun masu kauri kuma sun fi saurin yin duhu da samuwar hanyar sadarwa. A cikin gwaji ɗaya, kauri na periderm lokacin girma a yanayin zafi na 10,20,30оC ya kasance, bi da bi, 120, 164, 182 µm. Ana tsammanin yawan shayarwa yana ƙara haɓaka sadarwar fata da kuma dullness, amma babu kaɗan ko babu shaidar da aka buga don tallafawa wannan. Akwai wallafe-wallafen cewa hasken kwasfa ya yi daidai da tsawon lokaci daga bushewa zuwa girbi (watau gajeriyar lokacin girbi yana haifar da dankali mai haske).
Daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki yana rage yawan cututtukan fata kuma yana inganta bayyanar kwasfa, yana kuma rinjayar kauri na kwasfa, amma ba a kowane hali ba. An tabbatar da cewa haɗakar N, P da K ko aikace-aikacen takin zamani na ƙara kauri na phellem da jimlar kauri na phellogen da phelloderm idan aka kwatanta da amfani da nitrogen kadai. Akwai wallafe-wallafe da yawa akan tasirin duka macro- da micronutrients akan ingancin kwasfa, amma galibin ƙayyadaddun tsarin da aka gano suna da alaƙa da ƴan abubuwan gina jiki.
Nitrogen. Lokacin da adadin takin nitrogen da ake amfani da shi yana da babban tasiri akan raunin rauni saboda babban tasiri akan balaga. Karancin Nitrogen na iya haifar da farkon tsufa na amfanin gona da kuma ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta idan an ajiye tubers a ƙarƙashin tushen mai tushe na dogon lokaci kafin girbi. Yawancin nitrogen (musamman a ƙarshen kakar) yana jinkirta girma amfanin gona, yana haifar da raguwa takamammen nauyi, ƙara haɗarin bawo da lalacewa, da rashin mannewa bawo. Masu noman dankalin turawa na Amurka sun yi imanin cewa jimlar adadin nitrogen don amfanin dankalin da aka ban ruwa bai kamata ya wuce kilogiram 350 na nitrogen a kowace hectare ba, yayin da a tsakiyar watan Agusta abun da ke cikin nitrate a cikin petioles bai kamata ya wuce kashi 15 a kowace miliyan ba. Yin amfani da nitrogen mai yawa yana da mummunar tasiri akan samuwar fata idan an aiwatar da desiccation a farkon matakan ci gaban shuka. Sau da yawa, yawan amfani da nitrogen yana haifar da lalacewa. Ya kamata a daidaita aikace-aikacen Nitrogen dangane da tsawon lokacin da ake tsammanin. Dole ne a ɗauki kulawa ta musamman lokacin amfani da nitrogen akan nau'ikan da ba su da ƙarancin fata.
Phosphorus Ba kamar nitrogen ba, phosphorus, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana inganta ripening na tubers, da samuwar kwasfa mai karfi har ma da ci gaban reticulation. Phosphorus yana tunawa da tukwici na tushen yayin girma mai aiki, don haka dole ne a yi amfani da takin phosphorus kafin dasa.
Potassium a karkashin dankali ya kamata a ko da yaushe a shafi a cikin mafi kyau duka yawa da rabo zuwa sauran na gina jiki. Idan akwai rashin potassium, tubers sukan yi duhu ga jiki bayan kwasfa. Yin amfani da potassium da yawa yana rage ƙayyadaddun nauyi da ci gaba gaba ɗaya.
Calcium yana rage saurin kamuwa da raunuka saboda tasirinsa akan ƙarfin bangon tantanin halitta. Lalacewar rauni gabaɗaya shine mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da adadin alli na tuber ya wuce micrograms 200-250 a kowace kilogiram na busassun nauyi. Mafi inganci sha na calcium yana faruwa ne idan an ƙara shi zuwa ƙasa kafin shuka.
Sulfur yana rage matakin scab na yau da kullun da foda. Ana samun sakamako mafi kyau ta hanyar ƙara sulfur a cikin ƙasa a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi yayin dasawa, amma aikace-aikacen sulfur na foliar na iya rage kamuwa da cuta.
Boron Yana taimakawa daidaita calcium a cikin bangon tantanin halitta kuma yana tasiri shayarwar calcium, don haka shagunan calcium suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaitaccen abinci da kuma kara yawan amfanin abincin calcium.
Zinc da aka saba amfani da shi don danne scab foda. Sai kawai aikace-aikacensa zuwa ƙasa yana tabbatar da isasshen tasiri.
Akwai shaidu da yawa na inganta yanayin kwasfa tare da ingantaccen amfani da takin zamani a lokacin girma (hoto na 7). Duk da haka, ana samun sakamako musamman ta hanyar rage ci gaban cututtuka. Babu wata shaida da ke nuna tasirin takin foliar kai tsaye akan kauri, santsi, da haske na kwasfa. Gwaje-gwaje tare da hadadden abinci mai gina jiki, alal misali, ba zai iya magance matsalar peels masu rauni a wasu nau'ikan a Ingila ba.
Hoto 7. Amfanin inganta yanayin kwasfa ta amfani da macro- da microfertilizers
Sauran hanyoyin sarrafa amfanin gona da ke inganta fatar dankalin turawa sun haɗa da:
• Zaɓin filayen tare da mafi kyawun haihuwa, sigogi na agrochemical da rubutun ƙasa. Ware filayen da abubuwan da ba su da kyau kamar cuta, ƙarancin magudanar ruwa ko ƙarancin iya riƙe ruwa ya kasance;
• Cikakken amfani da albarkatun gona-climatic don cikakken bawon kwasfa. Yin amfani da tsaba masu inganci tare da ƙananan cututtuka;
• Yin amfani da fungicides, shirye-shiryen microbiological, abubuwa masu aiki na halitta a cikin tsarin shirya kayan iri, lokacin dasa shuki da lokacin girma don rage yaduwar cututtuka;
• Ban ruwa don rigakafi ko rage cututtuka kamar scab na kowa;
• Desication na lokaci da girbi a cikin yanayi mai kyau don kauce wa lalacewa ta jiki da cututtuka;
• A guji liming nan da nan kafin dasa dankali, saboda wannan yana taimakawa wajen bayyanar scab.
Ba za a iya bayyana tsarin kariyar sinadarai na fatar tuber daga cututtuka ba dalla-dalla a cikin tsarin wani sashe na wannan labarin. Wannan wani babban batu ne daban; yin amfani da kayan kariya ya zama tilas a cikin manyan noman dankalin turawa. Amma dole ne a jaddada cewa da yawa kwasfa cututtuka ne quite nasarar sarrafa (rhizoctoniosis, na kowa da kuma azurfa scab) da kuma da yawa aiki abubuwa ne tasiri, da zabi ne m, da kuma da dama matsaloli da damar da sinadaran magunguna ne kasa (anthracnose, powdery). scab, bakteriya rot) kuma akwai 'yan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasiri.
Ana ba da ƙarin dama don sarrafa cututtukan kwasfa ta hanyar amfani da sabon nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan kariya - shirye-shiryen microbiological da masu kula da girma. Alal misali, a Amurka, an yi amfani da maganin herbicide 50-D fiye da shekaru 2,4 don ingantawa da daidaita launin nau'in dankalin turawa na gargajiya na gida. Sakamakon mafi cikakken launi yana ɗaukar watanni da yawa, kuma an sami raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin yaduwar scab (hoto 8). An haɗa wannan amfani da aka yi niyya cikin ƙa'idodin hukuma don maganin herbicide 2,4-D:JAN DANKUNAN (An girma don sabon kasuwa): Aikace-aikacen wannan samfurin daidai lokacin da ya dace yana haɓaka launi ja, yana taimakawa adana launin ja, yana inganta bayyanar fata, yana ƙara saitin tuber, da haɓaka daidaiton girman tuber (ƙananan jumbos). Amsar amfanin gona na iya bambanta dangane da iri-iri, abubuwan damuwa, da yanayin gida. Tuntuɓi Sabis na Ƙarfafa Noma da sauran ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan amfanin gona don shawarwarin gida. Iri masu launin ja ja a zahiri gabaɗaya suna amfana da ƙarancin magani. Aiwatar da oza na ruwa 1.6 na wannan samfur a kowace kadada a cikin galan 5 zuwa 25 na ruwa ta amfani da kayan ƙasa ko na iska. Ƙararren ƙarar fesa da aka zaɓa ya kamata ya isa don kyakkyawan ɗaukar hoto na shuke-shuke. Yi aikace-aikacen farko lokacin da dankali ke cikin matakin farko (kimanin 7 zuwa 10 inci tsayi) kuma yi aikace-aikace na biyu bayan kwanaki 10 zuwa 14. Kada ku wuce aikace-aikace biyu a kowace amfanin gona. Kada ku girbi a cikin kwanaki 45 na aikace-aikacen. Aikace-aikacen da ba daidai ba, ko cakuda tare da wasu magungunan kashe qwari da ƙari, na iya ƙara haɗarin cutar da amfanin gona.
Yawanci, bayyanar peels ba ya inganta a lokacin ajiya, don haka ingancin peels lokacin shigar da ajiya yana da mahimmanci. Domin dankali ya samar da inganci mai kyau a cikin kasuwar da aka wanke da kuma kula da wannan ingancin a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, yana da mahimmanci cewa aikin noma na filin yana da tasiri wajen samun mafi kyawun fata. Tare da fasahar ajiya na zamani yana yiwuwa a kula da ingancin kwasfa fiye da makonni 35, amma idan ingancin yana da girma a lokacin girbi. An riga an ƙaddara yawancin ɓangarori na ƙare bawo a lokacin girbi kuma an canza kaɗan a cikin ajiya. Wannan ya shafi netting, girma fasa da wasu cututtuka kamar na kowa scab da rhizoctonia. A lokaci guda, yawancin sigogi na kwasfa na iya lalacewa yayin ajiya: mai sheki, girman lentil, anthracnose, azurfa da scab foda.
Don kula da yanayin fata mai kyau a lokacin ajiya, ana ba da shawarar a shayar da amfanin gona da wuri-wuri bayan an ɗora a cikin ajiya (idan fatun ba su da kyau kuma an saita su sosai kuma iri-iri ba su da sauƙi ga tabo fata). Bugu da kari, amfanin gona ya kamata a shaka shi da busasshiyar iska a farkon matakan ajiya don cire danshi a saman. Yi ƙoƙarin adana dankali a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 4,0 ° C.
A surface na tubers sau da yawa sani hasarar da haske a lokacin ajiya. Bincike na musamman ya nuna cewa wannan tabarbarewar tana faruwa ne sakamakon rugujewar sel a cikin rufin rufin a cikin makwanni biyu na farko na ajiya idan sel sun rasa danshi yayin lokacin jiyya. Canji a cikin tsari na periderm yana haifar da roughening na saman fata, wanda ke lalata haske, kuma fata ta zama maras kyau. Yadudduka na waje na ƙwanƙwasa suna barewa yayin ajiya, amma ba a sake maye gurbinsu da wani abu ba; kwasfa daga santsi, mai sheki, mai haske na iya zama m, maras ban sha'awa da ƙaƙƙarfan (hoto 9) Saboda haka, kiyaye zafi mai ƙarfi yayin lokacin warkarwa. lalacewa da ƙarfafawa dole ne a kiyaye su sosai .
Mafi kyawun tsarin tsarin samun iska a lokacin babban lokacin ajiya, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da tasiri kaɗan akan rage hasken kwasfa. Amma yawancin nau'ikan suna nuna mafi kyawun yanayin ƙwanƙwasa a matsakaicin zafi na 98% ana kiyaye su a cikin ajiya. Ajiye tubers a babban zafi dangi yana rage asarar nauyi ta tuber da 1-2%. A lokaci guda kuma, kuna buƙatar tunawa game da haɗarin daɗaɗɗen danshi a cikin ajiya, sakamakon mummunan sakamakon da inganci da amincin amfanin gona ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da yuwuwar tanadi a cikin asarar nauyi daga bushewa. A cikin yanayin phytopathological na zamani, kiyaye yanayin zafi na 90-95% (kuma wannan shine yanayin zafi wanda aka kafa saboda shakar tubers a cikin sararin intertuber a cikin lokutan ba tare da samun iska ba, i.e. wannan abu ne na halitta na dankali da aka adana) shine mafi kyau duka. . Kuma ga batches tare da haɗarin yada fungal da cututtuka na kwayan cuta, yana da kyau a kula da yanayin zafi na 85-90%, wanda zai hana lalacewar physiological da bacteriological na samfurin ajiya. Hasken bawo na nau'ikan jajayen iri da yawa yana lalacewa yayin adana dogon lokaci. Ana yin ƙoƙari na tsattsauran ra'ayi don kula da inganci mai kyau ta hanyar rufewa da fina-finai na abinci. A cikin gwaji ɗaya, an yi amfani da nau'ikan sutura daban-daban guda huɗu. Abubuwan da ake ci na tushen alginate sun inganta ƙimar azanci sosai, musamman ta fuskar launi, mai sheki da kuma yarda da dankali mai launin ja. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa maganin shafawa mai cin abinci yana inganta launi na kwasfa, musamman ma F1 da F2.
A lokacin shirye-shiryen pre-tallace-tallace, yana da kyau a yi amfani da fasahar da ke ba da damar kulawa da kuma inganta bayyanar tubers. Masu wankin ganga tare da goge goge (ana kiran su polishers, photo 11) na iya haɓaka hasken fatar dankalin turawa, watau, wasu illolin ayyukan noma da adanawa za a iya kawar da su ta hanyar wanke-wanke mai inganci. mutunci na tuber konkoma karãtunsa fãtun, wanda zai iya haifar da spoilage dankali. Koyaushe wajibi ne a hanzarta tantance tasirin wankewa akan fatun tuber lokacin canzawa zuwa sabon tsari ko iri-iri da daidaita tsarin wankewa. A wannan mataki, ya kamata a kula da matakin gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta, gami da ruwan da ake amfani da shi, kuma a yi amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka amince da su don masana'antar abinci. Kowane mutum har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin karewa da kula da ƙa'idodin kula da dankalin da aka wanke tare da jami'an tsaro a cikin yanayin sanin.
Ana tabbatar da ingancin peel ɗin dankalin turawa a matakin sufuri da tallace-tallace ta hanyar amfani da marufi tare da isassun perforation don samun iska da kuma guje wa tsawan lokaci zuwa haske mai haske, wanda babu makawa yana haifar da kore da tara glycoalkoloid. Batun kore fatar dankalin turawa a lokacin noma, ajiya da siyarwa ya cancanci kulawa daban.
Don haka, kwasfa yana yin mahimman ayyukan kariya na tubers kuma yana ƙayyade ƙimar masu amfani da dankalin turawa. Yayin da tallace-tallace na samfurori da aka wanke da kuma kunshe-kunshe suna girma, bukatun bayyanar tubers suna karuwa. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in ƙoshin ƙoshin ƙoƙon mai ɗorewa, santsi, mai sheki na periderm an gano su, amma babu tsarin tsarin duniya don sarrafa wannan tsari. Zaɓuɓɓuka masu tasiri don inganta yanayin fatar dankalin turawa shine zaɓin mafi kyawun iri da nau'in ƙasa, cikakken amfani da albarkatun agroclimatic na lokacin girma, rigakafin ci gaban cututtuka, samar da ruwa mai ƙarfi, daidaitacce da cikakkiyar hadi tare da macro- da microelements, yin amfani da biologically aiki abubuwa da girma regulators, dace desiccation, high quality- tsaftacewa da kuma m da daidai aiwatar da na farko matakai na ajiya, kauce wa inji lalacewa, nika da tubers ta yin amfani da musamman kayan aiki.
Hoto 11. Na'urar wanke wanke
Marubucin kayan: Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doc-Gene Technologies