Dankali ba amfanin gona ba ne na al'ada ga Uzbekistan, kodayake yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin mazaunanta. Yawan al'ummar kasar na karuwa, kuma bukatar wannan samfurin na karuwa. Kuma aikin haɓaka noman dankalin turawa yana ƙara zama cikin gaggawa.
Aiki don gabatarwa
Jimlar girbin dankalin turawa a Uzbekistan a shekarar 1990 ya kai ton dubu 300. A cikin 2022, girbin amfanin gona ya riga ya wuce tan miliyan 3,4, amma wannan adadin bai dace da bukatun jama'ar kasar ba. A yau, ana buƙatar akalla tan miliyan 3,9 na tubers don biyan bukatunsa.
Fiye da kashi 80% na samfuran da jama'a ke cinyewa ana iya girma da kansu. Don haka, a bara, an karɓi tan miliyan 1 na dankali daga kamfanonin aikin gona, da kuma wani tan miliyan 2,4 daga gonakin dekhkan (ƙauye) da filaye masu zaman kansu. Bacewar tan dubu 532 an shigo da su ne daga Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Rasha da sauran kasashe.
Mahukuntan jamhuriyar a wannan mataki sun mayar da hankali wajen magance matsalolin da ke tattare da kananan masana'antu. A farkon wuri shine buƙatar haɓaka yawan amfanin gona. Ana shuka dankalin turawa a kasar a kan fadin hekta dubu 253, amma a matsakaicin ton 16,3 na kayayyakin da ake girbe daga kowace kadada.
Noman dankali yana da alaƙa da matsaloli masu tsanani waɗanda manoma na gida ke tilasta shawo kan su. Abubuwan da ake bukata sun haɗa da bushewa da yanayin zafi da ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa.
“A cikin irin wannan yanayi, cututtuka da kwari da yawa suna shafan dankali, waɗanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona har ma da mutuwa,” in ji Dokta. Kimiyyar Noma. Kimiyya, Farfesa na Sashen Shuke-shuke da Samar da Kiwo, Jami'ar Jihar Samarkand na Magungunan Dabbobi, Kimiyyar Halittu da Kiwon Dabbobi Ibrahim Ergashev. – Cututtukan cututtuka sun yadu musamman a cikin jamhuriyar.
A sa'i daya kuma, yanayin ya baiwa manoman Uzbekistan wata dama ta musamman ta noman amfanin gona a gonakinsu kusan duk shekara.
"A kudanci, ana fara dashen amfanin gona a watan Janairu," in ji babban darektan kamfanin Agrover. Farhod Takhirov, - kuma yana ci gaba a wasu yankuna har zuwa watan Agusta. Muna fara girbin dankalin turawa a farkon watan Mayu, da tono dankalin turawa a cikin Disamba. Godiya ga dogon lokacin, muna da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da manyan damar fitarwa.
Namu fifiko ne
Ana magance matsalar karuwar amfanin gona a matakin jiha, a wuraren cibiyoyin kimiyya da filayen gwaji.
"An kafa aikin zabin dankalin turawa da samar da iri a yankuna daban-daban na Jamhuriyar, alal misali, a yankunan Jizzakh da Tashkent," in ji sakataren kimiyya na Cibiyar Bincike (Cibiyar Bincike) na Kayan lambu, Kankana da Dankali. Fakhriddin Rasulov. - A cikin dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar halittu, ana yada nau'ikan dankalin turawa na gida, gami da Pskom, Serkhosil, Sarnav, Umid-2, Akrob da sauransu.
Ana samar da ƙananan tubers a cikin injinan fasahar zamani na zamani sannan kuma ana ba da su ga manyan gonakin iri. Gabaɗaya, nan da ƙarshen 2023, Cibiyar tana shirin haɓaka ƙananan tubers miliyan 2,5.
Masana suna da kwarin gwiwa cewa iri da ake shukawa a cikin jumhuriyar ta amfani da sabbin fasahohi sun fi dacewa da ƙasa na gida da yanayin yanayi. Bugu da kari, sun yi kasa da sau uku, suna samar da amfanin gona da ya kai ton 35-40 a kowace hectare na tsawon shekaru 3-4, sannan kuma ba su da wata cuta mai cutarwa.
"Wannan yana buƙatar wata hanya ta musamman ga tsarin samar da iri, wanda aka haɓaka ta la'akari da yanayin muhalli da agrobiological," in ji Ibrahim Ergashev. – Ayyukan masu kiwo bai iyakance ga haɓaka nau'ikan gasa ba, masu fa'ida sosai. Dole ne masana kimiyya su ba manoma dankalin da ke da juriya ga cututtukan da ke akwai.
A farkon shekara, an sake cika rijistar nasarorin kiwo da jamhuriyar ta samu. Sabuwar nau'in dankalin turawa na farko mai suna "Tashkent ertagisi" (Tashkent tatsuniya).
"Yana ripens 10-12 kwanaki kafin analogues," in ji daya daga cikin marubutan iri-iri, darektan Cibiyar Bincike na Kayan lambu, kankana da Dankali. Rustam Nizamov, - bukatar sosai m ƙasa, resistant zuwa hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri cututtuka. Lokacin girma shine kwanaki 65-70. Yawan amfanin da ake sa ran zai kasance daga ton 26,8-27,5 a kowace hekta, ko kuma ton 5-6 fiye da nau'in farko na gida.
Irin nau'in Bogizogon, wanda masana kimiyya suka samu a shekarar da ta gabata daga tashar gwajin kimiyya a Samarkand, yana da halaye iri ɗaya. Yanzu ana gwada ta a gonaki.
Daga Feruza zuwa Adretta
Saboda yanayin, manoma a Uzbekistan sun mai da hankali kan nau'ikan da ke jure zafi sosai kuma ba sa kamuwa da sanyi. Rijistar amfanin gona na Jiha ta ƙunshi nau'ikan dankalin turawa 150, 20 daga cikinsu masana kimiyyar gida ne suka kirkira su.
Iri na cikin gida irin su Akrab, Bakhro-30, Tuyimli, Feruza sun shahara. Kuma daga cikin kasashen waje, mafi mashahuri sune Arizona, Adretta, Red Oak, Kenibek.
"Gonarmu ta dogara da zaɓin Dutch da Jamus," in ji Farhod Takhirov, - kuma muna girma fiye da nau'in dankalin turawa 10. Kowace shekara muna gudanar da gwaje-gwajen samarwa da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri, yin rijistar sabbin nau'ikan 3-4.
Jamhuriyar tana buƙatar kusan ton dubu 650 na kayan irin dankalin turawa a kowace shekara. A shekarar 2022, ton dubu 22 ne kawai aka shigo da su cikin kasar, sauran kuma an noma su ne a gonakin iri da kuma filayen gidaje.
"Muna ƙoƙarin haɓaka samar da iri na farko," in ji Farhod Takhirov, - mun gina dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma sun riga sun fara shiga cikin yaduwar microclonal na tubers. Amma masu noman dankalin turawa ba su iya magance matsalar tare da iri a cikin jamhuriyar da kansu. A Uzbekistan, saboda zafi, akwai wurare kaɗan da suka dace don shuka su, kuma a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka akwai rashin kayan aiki. Kayan iri ne maras inganci wanda ke haifar da rashin amfanin gona da ƙarancin kasuwa na samfuran ƙananan masana'antu.
Masoyi ci gaba
Kayan aikin noma na zamani yana ba ku damar haɓaka farashi, haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin dankali. Amma tsadarsa ya sa hanyar samun ci gaba ba ta isa ga daruruwan manoma ba.
"Kamfanin Agrover yana ƙoƙari ya gabatar da injuna da raka'a daga manyan masana'antun duniya a cikin tsarin samarwa," in ji. Farhod Takhirov. “Amma gonaki da yawa a cikin jamhuriyar har yanzu suna amfani da kayan aiki na zamani. Kuma rabon aikin hannu yana da yawa har yanzu. Idan har yanzu ana amfani da wasu hanyoyin don noma tazarar layi, to ana aiwatar da shuka da girbin amfanin gona da hannu.
Ban ruwa yanayi ne na wajibi don shuka dankali a Uzbekistan. Kuma mafi yawan hanyar ban ruwa ya kasance na gargajiya - ramin ban ruwa. Tare da taimakonsa, yana da wuya a samar da amfanin gona tare da mafi kyawun adadin danshi, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ba ya tashi sama da ton 20-25 a kowace hectare.
"Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa muke canzawa zuwa mafi zamani da ingantattun hanyoyin ban ruwa," in ji Farhod Takhirov. – Godiya ga yayyafawa, gonarmu tana iya samun matsakaicin ton 30-40 na amfanin gona a kowace kadada. Kuma a matsakaici - har zuwa 50-60 ton. An riga an mayar da hekta dubu 2,5 zuwa noman ruwan sama.
A cikin iyakokin iyakoki
Matsalolin sayar da kayayyaki ba su tsira da masu noman dankalin turawa ta Uzbek ba. Dole ne su sayar da amfanin gona na rani da sauri ta yadda a cikin yanayin zafi tubers, waɗanda ba su yi daidai da fatun su ba, kada su rasa bayyanar su na kasuwa. Ba kowa ba ne zai iya adana amfanin gonakinsa, kuma a tsayin girbi, farashin kasuwa ya faɗi.
"Mun dauki batun tabbatar da amincin kayayyakin aikin gona da muhimmanci," in ji shi Farhod Takhirov. - Ƙarfin ɗakin ajiyar kamfanin yana ba da damar adana fiye da tan dubu 48 na dankali a lokaci guda. Aiwatar da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar jamhuriyar da kuma bayan iyakokinta a zahiri ba ya tsayawa a duk shekara.
Ƙananan masu kera suna magance matsaloli tare da tallace-tallace tare da taimakon masu shiga tsakani. Manyan gonaki waɗanda ke da ikon biyan buƙatun don inganci, rarrabawa da fakitin dankali suna aiki kai tsaye tare da sarƙoƙin siyarwa. Kuma shugabannin ƙananan masana'antu ne kawai ke da damar shiga aikin sarrafa tuber.
"Lokacin da yankin da aka noman ya kai kadada 200," in ji shi Farhod Takhirov, - mun zo ga ƙarshe cewa kamfanin yana buƙatar haɓaka yankin sarrafawa. Shuka mu, wanda zai iya sarrafa har zuwa tan dubu 50 na albarkatun kasa a kowace shekara, an sanye shi da mafi kyawun kayan aiki. A yau yana samar da flakes dankalin turawa da daskararrun soya na Faransa.
Sha'awar manoma don shuka dankali don sarrafawa yana iyakance ta wata hujja. tubers na cikin gida ba su cika buƙatun manyan sarƙoƙi na abinci na ƙasashen waje ba. Don haka, ana shigo da ɗimbin ɗimbin dankalin da ba a gama ba, guntu, sitaci, daɗaɗɗen dankali da hatsi a cikin jamhuriyar daga ƙasashen waje.
Albarkatun ruwa
Bambance-bambancen yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya shine cewa wani muhimmin sashi na masu samar da dankalin turawa suna wakiltar kananan gonaki marasa talauci. Manoman Uzbekistan kuma ba su da jarin aiki, ilimi da gogewa na musamman, injuna da kayan aiki, ruwa don ban ruwa, da kayayyakin kariya na shuka.
Haɗin kai tare da ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa na iya taimaka wa manoma su tsara ingantaccen samarwa da samun riba mai kyau.
"Muna da kwarewa wajen yin aiki tare da ƙananan manoma, waɗanda muke ba da kayan iri," in ji Farhod Takhirov. "Suna da sha'awa ga kamfanin Agrover a matsayin masu samar da dankalin kasuwanci da kayan masarufi don sarrafa masana'antar. Musamman idan suna wakiltar yankuna masu yawan ribar al'adu. A shirye muke mu baiwa manoma damar yin amfani da abubuwan more rayuwa da kuma tuntubar kwararru.
Taimako daga jihar, alal misali, ba da lamuni na fifiko, na iya magance matsalolin kasuwancin noma. Amma don cin gajiyar wannan matakin tallafi, kuna buƙatar bayar da lamuni ga banki, wanda manomi na yau da kullun ba zai iya yi ba.
Ana ba da tallafi mai yawa ga manoma masu gabatar da hanyoyin ban ruwa na zamani (misali, ban ruwa na drip). Amma jihar tana ɗaukar wani ɓangare ne kawai na farashi mai mahimmanci.
A wani bangare na aiwatar da dabarun raya aikin gona na kasar Uzbekistan na shekarar 2020-2030, ana aiwatar da matakan da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a kasar. Suna kuma da nufin ingiza masu noman dankalin turawa don samar da kayayyaki masu inganci. A tsakanin shekarar 2024 zuwa 2025, ma'aikatar noma ta kasar na shirin raba ton 500 na iri kyauta a tsakanin gonakin dehkan na ci gaba da masu mallakar filayen gidaje. Adadin masu karɓar kayan iri zai kai dubu 1,7.
A sakamakon irin wannan aikin, amfanin amfanin gona ya kamata ya ƙaru a cikin sharuddan inganci da ƙididdiga. Uzbekistan za ta kasance mataki daya kusa da burinta: don sanya shuka dankalin turawa ya zama babban sashin noma mai nasara.
Irina Berg