Irina BERG
Sauyin yanayi a duniya shekara bayan shekara na kawo cikas ga shirin manoma na samun yawan amfanin gona. A yankuna mafi zafi, irin su Kuban da Stavropol, ana ruwan sama na makonni a lokaci guda a lokacin babban lokacin.
Kuma yankuna masu nisa daga kudancin Rasha suna fama da matsanancin fari. A wannan shekara, alal misali, an gabatar da dokar ta-baci saboda fari na yanayi a Jamhuriyar Chuvashia, kuma a cikin 2021 - a yankunan Sverdlovsk da Chelyabinsk.
Matsalolin kiyaye danshi a gonakin dankalin turawa da ake nomawa ba tare da ban ruwa ba a yanzu ana magance su ta hanyar amfani da ayyukan noma iri-iri. Masu samar da noma da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi aiki a masana'antar shekaru da yawa sun ba da gogewarsu da shawarwari.
INGANTACCEN FASAHA
Hanyoyin gargajiya na noman amfanin gona, waɗanda aka gwada shekaru da yawa, har yanzu suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako a yau. Abin takaici, manoman zamani sukan manta da tushen aikin noma.
Dankali shuka ne mai filastik, mai iya daidaitawadaidaita da yanayi daban-daban, - in ji babban darektan cibiyar tallafawa kimiyya da fasaha na masana'antun aikin gona "Consultant Agro" Ninel Konovalov. - Amma mu dankalin turawa growers suna fama da asara ko da a tsaka-tsakin fari saboda galibi suna keta fasaha. Alal misali, ƙasa ba a shirya kafin shuka amfanin gona ta amfani da duk dabarun da aka ba da shawarar, ba tare da haɓakawa baAn rage shi zuwa daidaitattun dunƙule da ake so. Tubers ba koyaushe ake daidaita girman su ba kuma ana dasa su a zurfin zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa mara kyau kafa, tare da crumbling baki. An halicce shi da Girman girman ƙasa bai isa kawai don kare tsarin tushen shuka daga bushewa da mutuwa na gaba ba. Yankin ciyarwa, wato, yawan dashen dankalin turawa, an kuma zaɓi shi ba daidai ba. Amma idan ana bin fasahar, amfanin gona zai iya tsayayya da fari na dogon lokaci.
Don girbi mai kyau, yana da mahimmanci don samar da ridge daidai. - ya tabbatar da Dan takarar Kimiyyar Noma, Babban Darakta na Kamfanin Molyanov Agro Group Vladimir Molyanov. - Yawancin manoma suna yin kuskuren ƙirƙirar babban tudu, wanda tubers ya fi girma fiye da Layer na ƙasa. Zurfafa dasa, ba shakka, yana sa girbi na inji ya fi wahala. Amma wannan yana ba da damar gaske don samun girbi mai kyau dankalin turawa ko da ba tare da ban ruwa ba.
Har ila yau, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da wurin da ake girma irin kifi.tofali, - ya lura ɗan takarar kimiyyar aikin gona, mataimakin shugaban aikin kimiyya na kwalejojin agrobiology da albarkatun ƙasa, ilimin halittu da tsarin gine-gine na Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kasafin Kuɗi na Babban Ilimi "Jami'ar Agrarian State Stavropol" Timur Aisanov. - Idan wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ruwa ko wuce gona da iri, wajibi ne a bi fasahar da aka dasa dankali a cikin tudu. Idan muna magana ne game da yanayin bushewa ƙasa, amfanin gona ya kamata a dasa a ƙarƙashin tudu.
HANKALI YANA DA MA'ANA
A gefe guda, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba, ƙasa ba ta yarda da magani na yau da kullun, rashin tunani. Kuma yayin sarrafa shi, manomi yana buƙatar yin la’akari da abubuwa da yawa.
Ba za ku iya noman gona zuwa zurfin iri ɗaya kowace shekara ba. - jaddada Timur Aisanov. - Не kasa da yawa fiye da sau в 4-5 shekaru da ake bukataaiwatar da kara zurfafa aikin noma tare da nau'ikan na'urori iri-iri. Domin Ana kuma amfani da waɗannan dalilai garmamar chisel ko garma mai zurfilayi. Tare da taimakonsu, tafin garma, wani dunƙulewar ƙasa wanda ke hana tushen shukar shukar damshi daga ƙasan ƙasa, ya lalace.
Zurfafa loosening na taimaka wa gaskiyar cewa a lokacin hunturu a cikin ƙasa a kankarin danshi yana tarawa – Inji shugaban gonar manoma Sergey KriVosheev. - Yawancin manoma daga yankuna daban-daban na kasar suna magana game da ingancin wannan hanyar. Lokacin da na koyi wannan dabarar noma, na sayi kayan aiki na musamman, na yi amfani da ita a gonata, kuma na ci gaba da yin ta tun daga lokacin. Muna aiki a yankin Predgorny na Stavropol, a kan gangaren dutse. Ƙasarmu ita ce carbonate, ƙasa mai baƙar fata mai nauyi, don haka ya zama dole don kwance su sosai a kowace shekara.
GYARAN GIRKI YADDA AKE JARI
Juyawa da kyau na amfanin gona a filin, haɗe tare da bin duk fasahar noman ƙasa, kuma yana ba da damar tara danshi.
Don dankali, juyawa amfanin gona ya kamata a kalla shekara uku, - tabbata Ninel Konovalov. - Wannan dabarar noma tana da tasiri mai kyau akan dukkan alamuko ƙasa: haihuwa, tsarin, rubutu, iya aiki danshi. Idan bi taron и a bi filin daidai, da kyau tsarin ƙasa na iya rayayye tara danshi.
Bisa ga kwarewar filin dogon lokaci a yankunan tsakiyar Rasha, ana iya girma dankali a wuri guda shekaru da dama a jere - bayanin likita na Kimiyyar Halittu, Farfesa na Sashen Aikin Noma da Hanyar Gwaji na Kwalejin Aikin Noma ta Moscow mai suna K.A. Timiryazev Mikhail Ma- zirov. - Amma a yankunan da ba su da kyau, ma'aurata suna har yanzukira tsayi inganci, musamman don adana danshi a cikin ƙasa. Baƙin tururi shine mafi inganci, amma a zamanin yau ana amfani dashi sosai da wuya, galibi ta manyan gonaki. Duk shekara jawo farashi, noman gona a hankali da rashin noma komai akansa ba shi da riba ga manomi.
Lokacin jujjuya amfanin gona a gonakin da muke muna girma da Elite da farkon haifuwa na dankali dankali, a matsayin precursorAna amfani da sha'ir ko amfanin gona na hunturu alkama, - ya bayyana Vladimir Molyanov.
Kuma don samar da super-elite - kawai nau'i-nau'i masu tsabta. Daga matsakaita cullsyawon shakatawa a wannan yanayin mun ƙi saboda domin koren taki baya yarda gaba daya fili fili daga ciyawa da cututtuka. Kunna A cikin kwarewarmu, mun ga cewa tururi mai tsabta yana taimakawa sosai don riƙe danshi a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci.
Don dankali, wanda aka fi so shine wanda ya bar filin da wuri don bada lokaci don ingantaccen shiri na ƙasa da tara danshi, - tunani Timur Aisanov.
Wannan aikin yana da kyau ta hanyar masara don silage, legumes da hatsi. Wato wadancan al'adu wanda ya bar ciyayi da yawana duk sauran ragowar kuma suna cikin wadanda aka fara cirewa.
A cikin ƙasarmu, dankalin turawa yana komawa cikin shirin yayin jujjuya amfanin gona a matsakaici sau ɗaya kowace shekara 3-4. ya ce Sergey Krivosheev. - Sama da shekaru 10 na aiki, mun yanke shawarar cewa wajibi ne a canza ba biyu ba, amma amfanin gona na 4-5. Ta wannan hanyar filin ya kasance ba tare da dankali ba har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu, wanda ke taimakawa wajen tsaftace shi. Muna ƙoƙari mu ci gaba da mamaye ƙasar har sai dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo. Sabili da haka, bayan girbi wanda ya gabace shi, musamman hunturu alkama da sha'ir, muna shuka koren taki: mustard, buckwheat, radish oilseed. Suna taimaka mana a matsayin phytosanitary na ƙasa, da kuma taimakawa wajen tara biomass da danshi a cikinta.
Mutane da yawa ba su fahimci cewa juyar da amfanin gona wani nau'in ajiya ne, kuɗin da aka ajiye a banki, - amince Ninel Konovalov. - Manomi yana share filin dankali kuma yayi aiki a hankali akan su don a cikin shekaru 2-3 ƙasa tana shirye don girbi mafi girma. Baƙauye yana kashe kuɗi da yawa, amma dawowar za ta kasance mai mahimmanci a gare shi.
DAGA CLASSICS ZUWA BIDI'A
Kowane mai noma zai gwada jerin jerin ayyukan noma waɗanda ke da tasiri a yanayin gonarsa. Wasu suna amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, wasu kuma suna amfani da ci-gaba kuma ba tukuna ba tukuna. - gonakinmu suna tsunduma cikin samar da dankalin iri a cikin yankunan Urals, Samara da Kaliningrad. - ya gaya Vladimir Molyanov. - A baya mun ba da gudummawa adadin da aka ba da shawarar takin mai magani, dangane da wadatar potassium na ƙasa, amma sai suka yanke shawarar cewa adadinsa yana buƙatar ƙarawa. Wannan kashi yana da alhakin riƙe danshi ta ƙwayoyin shuka. Dankalin da aka ba shi da kyau tare da potassium na iya hana fitar da shi mara amfani. Muna ba da shawarar taki tare da takin mai magani na potassium a matsayin hanya ta tilas. Yana ba da garantin damuwa da juriya na zafi na amfanin gona a cikin filin, yana da tasiri mai kyau akan samuwar tubers, yana hana samuwar yara, yana inganta samuwar fata mai karfi da dankalin turawa da adanawa bayan girbi.
Lokacin girma amfanin gona ba tare da ban ruwa ba, zaɓin yana da mahimmanci. iri. Ya kamata a ba fifiko ga ƙarin zafi-resistant, kazalika da farkon iri dake da lokaci zuwa sa tubers da a zahiri samar da girbi ta amfani da hunturu da spring danshi a cikin ƙasa.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, manoman Rasha suna ƙara yin amfani da hydrogel don samar da danshi ga amfanin gonakin su. - ya gaya Timur Aisanov. - Wannan abu ne na polymer a cikin nau'i na granules, wanda, bayan an ƙara shi zuwa ƙasa, tara danshi a cikin ƙasa.yankunan ruwan sama, rike shi, sannan a mayar da shi a hankali.
Mun fara amfani da hydrogel shekaru uku da suka wuce a cikin gundumar Volzhsky na yankin Samara kuma mun sami sakamako mai kyau. ya ce Vladimir Molyanov. - Wannan yanki ya ƙunshi filaye masu cike da ambaliyar ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar inganta ƙarfinsu. Su saman Layer ba ya riƙe ruwa, wanda da sauri sauka. A lokacin babban zafi, granules suna shayar da danshi, kuma lokacin da ƙasa ta bushe, hydrogel yana ba da damar tsire-tsire su tsira daga fari na ɗan lokaci.
A GAME DA HALITTA
Akwai ra'ayi cewa yanayi da kansa yana gaya wa manomi yadda zai yi noman gona yadda ya kamata, kuma yana ba da kowace dama ga wannan. Tsarin noman sifili yana ba da tasiri kaɗan akan ƙasa da microflora.Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a yankin Stavropol sun nuna cewa babu-har yana ba ku damar riƙe ƙarin danshi a cikin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da fasahar shuka ta gargajiya. – tabbatar Timur Aisanov. - Amma wannan fasaha ba ta aiki da kyau a kan ƙasa mai nauyi, ƙanƙan da aka haɗa da yawa. Yana da wuya a shuka a nan, musamman amfanin gona na jere. Suna buƙatar babban Layer na ƙasa mai kwance don harbe daga tubers haɓaka, yawan ciyayi yana ƙaruwa kuma, a sakamakon haka, yana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. Misali, ban san kowane irin yanayin da aka noma dankali ba har sai an samu amfanin gona mai yawa.
– No-har fasahar da aka fi amfani a cikin bushe yankuna, inda ya tabbatar da tasiri, - tabbata Mikhail Mazirov. - Amma dole ne a yi la'akari da cewa ba duk amfanin gona ba ne za a iya samun nasarar yin amfani da shi.
A ƙarshen hunturu, murfin dusar ƙanƙara ya zama tushen danshi mai ba da rai, don haka ya zama dole don amfanin gona na matasa.
- Wannan dabarar, kamar riƙewar dusar ƙanƙara, tana dacewa da yankunan da fari ya fara a farkon bazara. - bayanin kula Ninel Konovalov. - A tsakiyar Rasha ba kasafai ake yin shi ba, amma a kudu, a yankunan Lipetsk, Tula, Voronezh, da Rostov, ana amfani da hanyar har yanzu. Manoma, ta amfani da na'urori na musamman, suna ajiye dusar ƙanƙara a gonar su, wanda idan ya narke, yana samar da ƙasa da isasshen danshi. Amma domin ya kasance a cikin filayen, wajibi ne a aiwatar da aikin noman kaka mai zurfi a gaba da kuma sanya ƙasa da kyau. Kuma a cikin bazara, danshi yana buƙatar dogara da "rufe" ta amfani da harrows a fadin filayen.
Ko wane irin aikin noma da manomi ya zaɓa, shawarwarin ƙwararru sun gangara zuwa ga ra'ayi ɗaya.
- Manoman na bukatar su bi fasahohin noman shiyyadankali kuma kada ku karkace daga gare su. - amincewa da shugaban sashen noman dankalin turawa na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Tarayya don Tsarin Halittu da Fasahar Noma na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma. Alexander Mushinsky. - Na farkoWaɗannan sun haɗa da kwanakin dasa shuki, zaɓin nau'in yanki na lokuta daban-daban na lokacin girma, aikace-aikacen takin ma'adinai tare da la'akari da samar da abubuwan sinadarai zuwa ƙasa, ayyukan noma da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman yanki ... Sai kawai za a iya kiyaye abubuwan da ake buƙata. matakin danshi na ƙasa a ko'ina cikin kakar kuma yana samun yawan amfanin ƙasa mai inganci.