A cikin 2022, dankali a yankuna da yawa na Tarayyar Rasha sun sami tasiri sosai sakamakon tsawan lokaci fari, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matakin na 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin watanni uku na rani, alal misali, kawai 47% na hazo ya fadi a yankin Moscow idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matsakaici na dogon lokaci (duba tebur).
A lokaci guda kuma, fari ya kasance tare da yawan zafin jiki na iska, musamman a cikin watan Agusta, da kuma cike da ƙasa. Dangane da tasirin su akan yawan aiki, waɗannan abubuwan ba su daidaita ba. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana iyakance girma a kwance da a tsaye, wanda a ƙarshe yana rage yawan tuber da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Ƙananan tsarin tushen tushe suna samun damar yin amfani da ƙarami na ƙasa, don haka yana iyakance ruwa da ci gaba da gina jiki, yana haifar da ƙananan tsire-tsire tare da ƙananan yanki na ganye.
Yanayin yanayi na lokacin girma 2016-2022 a cikin gundumar Dmitrovsky na yankin Moscow
Watan | Matsakaicin zafin iska na yau da kullun, оС | |||||||
Matsakaici yawancin L. | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Afrilu | 5,7 | 6,5 | 3,7 | 6,5 | 6,9 | 3,8 | 6,6 | 4,6 |
Mayu | 13,4 | 13,7 | 8,5 | 14,4 | 15,3 | 10,6 | 13,5 | 9,7 |
Yuni | 16,3 | 16,6 | 13,7 | 15,7 | 18,2 | 18,3 | 19,4 | 17,7 |
Yuli | 18,7 | 19,7 | 17,1 | 19,2 | 15,6 | 17,7 | 21,2 | 19,5 |
Agusta | 17,0 | 17,9 | 17,8 | 18,4 | 15,2 | 16,5 | 18,4 | 20,7 |
Satumba | 11,6 | 10,3 | 12,1 | 13,5 | 11,3 | 13,3 | 9,1 | |
Oct | 4,8 | 3,8 | 4,4 | 6,4 | 7,6 | 6,7 | 5,2 | |
Matsakaicin / jimlar | 12,5 | 12,6 | 11,0 | 13,4 | 12,9 | 12,4 | 13,3 |
Watan | Hazo, mm | |||||||
Matsakaici yawancin L. | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Afrilu | 52,5 | 28,0 | 99 | 28 | 9 | 34 | 85 | 68 |
Mayu | 72,5 | 69,6 | 36 | 73 | 55 | 160 | 57 | 58 |
Yuni | 76,3 | 99,8 | 127 | 54 | 87 | 110 | 63 | 29 |
Yuli | 87,7 | 76,4 | 161 | 104 | 107 | 186 | 30 | 61 |
Agusta | 50,3 | 126,0 | 42 | 19 | 61 | 52 | 102 | 10 |
Satumba | 62,4 | 55,6 | 48 | 79 | 33 | 44 | 72 | |
Oct | 58 | 38 | 92 | 46 | 65 | 26 | 40 | |
Matsakaicin / jimlar | 460 | 493 | 605 | 403 | 417 | 612 | 449 |
A lokaci guda kuma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ƙaddamar da ƙasa ba ya rage ƙarfin photosynthesis. Dankali kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin shukar yanayi mai sanyi. An taba yarda cewa an kusan danne photosynthesis na tsiron dankalin turawa a yanayin zafi sama da 30оC. Odamma yanzu an san cewa wannan tasirin yana haifar da rashi ruwa. A gaskiya ma, dankali na iya daidaitawa zuwa yanayin zafi (~ 40оC) kuma ci gaba da photosynthesis, amma kawai idan akwai isa danshi, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar yin nasarar noman dankali don ban ruwa a yankunan kudancin Tarayyar Rasha. Misali, a cikin 2021, an sami yawan amfanin gona mafi girma a yankin Moscow, kodayake an kuma lura da yawan zafin iska a duk lokacin rani, an yi rikodin fari a watan Yuli, amma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya faɗi a watan Agusta (tebur). Saboda haka, abin da ya fi muhimmanci a cikin waɗanda aka lissafa shi ne fari da kansa, wanda za a mayar da hankali a kan wannan labarin, wanda aka shirya bisa tushen wallafe-wallafen na ƙarshe (1-7).
An gane fari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda ya shafi ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin halittar jiki, muhalli, sinadarai da kuma halayen kwayoyin halitta na shuke-shuke. A aikin noma, fari na nufin lokacin karancin ruwa da ke haifar da rashin danshi a cikin kasa, wanda a karshe ya yi illa ga amfanin gona. Fari ba sabon abu ba ne ga ɗan adam: a farkon 20s na ƙarni na ƙarshe, ya haifar da yunwa a Rasha da China, a cikin 30s a Amurka; Har ila yau ana tunawa da sakamakon abin da ba a sani ba na 1976 a Turai. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 2003, nahiyar Ostireliya ta sha fama da fari na dogon lokaci. Kasashen Turai sun fuskanci wannan lamari a 2006 da 2005, a 2010 da 2008 rashin ruwan sama ya haifar da raguwar ciyayi mai yawa a dajin Amazon. Tun daga 2010, fari na shekaru da yawa ya rufe tsibirin Iberian. Shekarar zafi ta XNUMX ta shiga tarihi a Rasha.
Yawancin nau'ikan yanayin yanayi sun yi hasashen raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da kuma ƙaruwar zafin jiki tare da yawan fari, wanda ke yin mummunar tasiri ga amfanin gona a duniya. Ana sa ran lokutan damuwa na fari zai karu a cikin shekaru 30-90 masu zuwa saboda raguwar hazo da kuma yawan hazo a yankuna da dama na duniya, ciki har da Turai. Tare da karuwar barazanar fari, yana da mahimmanci a yi nazari da la'akari da martanin dankali, a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan amfanin gona na noma, ga damuwa na fari.
Ana ɗaukar dankalin turawa kamar amfanin gona mai ceton ruwa (watau waɗanda ke samar da ƙarin adadin kuzari a kowace raka'a na ruwa da ake amfani da su). Samar da kilogram na dankali yana buƙatar lita 105 na ruwa, wanda bai kai na shinkafa (lita 1408) da alkama (lita 1159 ba).
Wani kwatancen na gani: ana ɗaukar lita 25 na ruwa don samar da babban tuber, lita 40 don samar da biredi ɗaya ko gilashin madara, lita 70 don samar da apple ɗaya, lita 135 don samar da kwai ɗaya, da lita 2400 don samar da ɗayan. hamburger. ruwa. Duk da yawan amfanin ruwa da suke da shi, dankalin turawa yana da saurin kamuwa da matsalar fari saboda yana iya samar da albarkatu masu yawa kuma amfanin gona yana da galibin tsarin tushen tushe.
Danshi daga cikin ganye yana ƙafe ta cikin buɗaɗɗen stomata. Wannan yana kwantar da alfarwa, yana kiyaye zafin jiki ƙasa da yanayin zafi, amma kuma yana haifar da asarar danshi. Amsar ilimin lissafi na farko ga damuwa na ruwa shine rufewar stomata akan ganye. Lokacin da shuka ya rufe stomata don rage asarar danshi, yawan shan carbon dioxide a cikin ganye yana raguwa. Wannan yana hana photosynthesis ta hanyar iyakance tarin sitaci da sukari. Dankali yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin (misali takamaiman nauyi) dogara a kan photosynthesis ya wuce shuka ta yau da kullum makamashi bukatun, kyale wuce haddi carbohydrates zuwa tara a cikin masu tasowa tubers. Rashin ruwa kuma yana rage matsa lamba na ciki da ake buƙata don fadada tantanin halitta da girma. Za a iya rage rufin ganye da ci gaban tushen sosai. Ko da yake ci gaban tuber ya sake dawowa lokacin da ruwa ya samu, rushewa na iya haifar da ɓarnawar tubers tare da kunkuntar tabo ko ƙare masu nunawa. Rashin danshi kuma yana kara yiwuwar fashewar tuber. Sanannen abu ne cewa rashin isasshen ruwa a kowane mataki yana haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kamuwa da dankalin turawa ga fari kuma ya dogara ne akan nau'in, matakin ci gaba da ilimin halittar jini na genotype, da kuma tsawon lokaci da tsananin damuwa na fari.
Ci gaban ilimin ilimin lissafi na tsire-tsire dankalin turawa yawanci ya kasu kashi biyar: 1 - rooting, dasa shuki da germination (daga kwanaki 20 zuwa 35); 2 - farawa stolon, farkon tsiro na ciyayi da haɓaka stolon (daga kwanaki 15 zuwa 25); 3 - tuberization, samuwar tubers a ƙarshen stolons (kwanaki 10-15); 4 - girma ko kumburi na tubers, tubers cika da karuwa (daga kwanaki 30 zuwa 60); 5- balaga, ripening na tubers da mutuwar saman (kwana 15 ko fiye). Rashin ruwa a matakin farko ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, germination yana faruwa saboda ajiyar ruwa a cikin mahaifiyar tuber.
Fari a mataki na biyu na iya rage adadin stolons da aka samar, da kuma mummunan tasiri ga girma da girma na shuke-shuke. Damuwar ruwa a matakin tuber na iya jinkirta ci gaban tuber da makonni da yawa (Hoto 1). Sakamakon sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ba su da iyaka (ci gaba da girma), haɓaka lokacin girma da yiwuwar haifar da balaga da matsalolin fata.
Sabanin haka, ƙaddara (ci gaban shuka yana tsayawa bayan fure) iri ba su da ƙarancin damuwa ga damuwa na ruwa a wannan lokacin kuma za su girma akai-akai. Ko da yake ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin ƙaddamar da tuber na iya rinjayar yawan amfanin ƙasa, tasiri akan inganci shine mafi mahimmanci. scab yana zaune a kan tubers a wannan lokaci na musamman; Siffar dumbbell, fasa da sauran nakasa duk sakamakon rashin daidaituwar danshi na ƙasa a lokacin ƙaddamar da tuber da farkon haɓakawa. Wani tasiri mai tasiri na damuwa na ruwa, musamman ma idan aka haɗe shi da yanayin zafi mai zafi, a lokacin ƙaddamarwar tuber da farkon kumburi shine haɓaka "ƙarshen translucent" ko "ƙarshen sukari". Yanayin bushewa yana nufin cewa sukarin da ake samarwa ta hanyar photosynthesis ba su cika juyowa zuwa sitaci ba.
Rashin ruwa a lokacin girma tuber yawanci yana rinjayar yawan amfanin ƙasa fiye da inganci. A wannan lokacin, sakamakon fari ba za a iya rama shi da wani abu ba, yawan amfanin shuke-shuke zai ragu.
Fari yana rage yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa ta hanyar shafar tsiron ciyayi, tsayin shuka, lamba da girman ganye, da photosynthesis na ganye ta hanyar rage chlorophyll, rage ƙimar yankin ganye ko tsawon lokacin ganye. Baya ga ci gaban ciyayi, fari na iya shafar matakin haihuwa ta dankali ta hanyar rage girman girma ko rage girma da adadin tubers da tsire-tsire ke samarwa. Bugu da kari, fari kuma rinjayar ingancin sakamakon tubers.
Sakamakon fari a saman ƙasa dankali girma. Ci gaban ganyaye na ɗaya daga cikin matakan da suka fi dacewa da fari na ci gaban shuka. Ci gaban alfarwa yana nufin samuwar ganye, mai tushe, da kuma karuwa a cikin yanki na ganyen mutum da tsayin shuka. Fari yana da tasiri mai hanawa akan tsayin tushe, sabon samuwar ganye, adadin mai tushe, da yanki na ganyen dankalin turawa guda ɗaya. Fihirisar yanki na ganye (LAI) da tsawon yankin ganye (LAD) ana ɗaukar su sune mahimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Damuwar fari na rage LAI da LAD sosai a cikin noman dankalin turawa.
Girman tsire-tsire ya dogara da matsananciyar turgor, wanda ke inganta haɓakar tantanin halitta. Tsire-tsire suna buƙatar samar da ruwa akai-akai don kula da matsananciyar turgor. A karkashin yanayin damuwa na fari, samun ruwa ga tsire-tsire yana raguwa, wanda ke rinjayar ci gaban alfarwa. A cikin mafi yawan nau'in shuka, ci gaban ganye yana tsayawa idan akwai ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa da 40-50%. Kuma ci gaban ganye a cikin dankali yana tsayawa lokacin samun ruwan ƙasa bai kai kashi 60% ba, wanda ke nuna haɓakar ciyawar dankalin turawa ga ƙarancin ruwa. Don haka, raguwar ganye da girma shine farkon abin da aka gani na karancin ruwa a dankali. Kodayake tasirin ya dogara ne akan lokaci, tsawon lokaci, da tsananin damuwa na fari, duka farkon fari da kuma ƙarshen fari suna da tasiri mai hanawa akan haɓakar alfarwa. Farkon fari yana rage shi, ta haka yana ƙara lokacin da ake buƙata don isa wurin ganye mafi kyau, yayin da ƙarshen fari yakan haifar da balagagge ganyaye kuma sababbi su yi (Fig. 2).
Akwai rahotannin raguwar tsayin tsiron dankalin turawa da fari da fari ya shafa da kashi 75-78%. Har ila yau, tasirin fari ya bambanta a cikin nau'ikan da ke da nau'i daban-daban. Wani bincike mai zurfi ya nuna cewa nau'in da balagagge ba zai iya yin tasiri a farkon fari ba, saboda suna da tsawon lokacin girma na ciyayi. Za su iya jinkirta cimma cikakkiyar ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin matsanancin fari na ƙarshen fari, ta haka rage tasirin sa.
A gefe guda kuma, adadin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na iya shafar ɗanɗano kaɗan, tunda tsire-tsire sun riga sun samar da mafi kyawun adadin ciyayi kafin farkon farkon fari.
Tsire-tsire suna buƙatar ruwa, carbon dioxide da haske don kammala tsarin al'ada na photosynthesis. Damuwar fari yana rinjayar adadin da adadin photosynthesis a cikin tsire-tsire. Rage yawan ganye da wuraren ganye na mutum yana rinjayar adadin photosynthesis. A gefe guda, rashin ruwa da CO2 yana rage adadin photosynthesis. Danniya na fari yana rage dangi abun ciki na ruwa na ganyen dankalin turawa ta hanyar kara yawan adadin ions. Babban ma'auni na tsaka-tsaki na ions yana hana haɗin ATP, wanda ke rinjayar samar da ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), wanda shine babban mai karɓar carbon dioxide a lokacin photosynthesis. Saboda haka, raguwa a cikin samar da RuBP yana rinjayar photosynthesis kai tsaye.
Tasirin fari akan girma dankalin turawa. Abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa na dankali sune tushen, stolons da tubers. Dankali yana da tsarin tushe mara zurfi kuma mai rauni, wanda ke sa tsire-tsire dankalin turawa su iya kamuwa da damuwa na fari. Gine-ginen tsarin tushen dankalin turawa, tsayi da yawan tushen tushen an yi nazari sosai, amma yana da wuya a yi magana da kwarin gwiwa game da duk wani tabbataccen tasiri na damuwa na fari ga ci gaban gabobin karkashin kasa, tun da sakamakon binciken kan wannan batu. sabani. Yawancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sun ba da rahoton raguwar tsawon tushen tushen a ƙarƙashin damuwa na fari, yayin da wasu, akasin haka, sun yanke shawara game da karuwa ko babu canji (Fig. 2).
Haka kuma an samu bayanai masu karo da juna daga nazari kan illar matsalar fari a kan busasshiyar tushen dankalin turawa da adadin stolons.
Daban-daban iri suna amsa daban-daban ga takamaiman ƙarfi da tsawon lokacin fari. Wasu masu bincike suna da ra'ayin cewa daga baya nau'ikan suna samar da tushe mai zurfi da girma fiye da farkon balagaggu a ƙarƙashin damuwa iri ɗaya. Tushen tsarin yana da matukar tasiri ga nau'in ƙasa, wurin gwaji, shekarun ilimin halittar jiki na tubers da sarrafa kayan iri a lokacin dasawa. Bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da duk waɗannan abubuwan yana rikitar da nazarin tasirin damuwa na fari akan sassan ƙasa na dankalin turawa.
Tasirin fari akan amfanin amfanin gona dankali. Samun yawan amfanin ƙasa na tubers shine babban aiki da matsala a cikin girma dankali, don haka ana nazarin wannan batu a cikin mafi daki-daki. Amsar dankali ga karancin ruwa ya dogara sosai ga iri-iri. A yayin nazarin filin, nau'ikan Remarque da Desiree sun kasance a cikin yanayi iri ɗaya na damuwa na fari. Sakamakon ya nuna 44% da 11% raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, nauyin sabo ne tubers yana shafar tsawon lokaci da tsananin damuwa na fari. Early danniya (daga germination zuwa mataki na tuber qaddamarwa) take kaiwa zuwa rage a cikin taro na sabo tubers na farkon da kuma marigayi ripening iri. Duk da haka, fari mai tsawo, wanda zai kasance daga germination zuwa mataki na girma tuber, yana rinjayar nau'in ripening da wuri fiye da masu tasowa.
Fari kuma yana shafar adadin tubers da aka samar akan shuke-shuken dankalin turawa, tare da mafi girman lalacewar da ke faruwa a farkon matakan ci gaban shuka, musamman a matakin ƙaddamar da tuber. Amma marigayi gajeren lokaci danniya yana da mafi m sakamako a kan samuwar busassun al'amarin tubers fiye da a kan su lambar.
Dry danniya kai tsaye rinjayar bushe nauyi na tubers, rage ganye girma da kuma rage su photosynthetic ayyukan. Har ila yau, yana canza abun cikin ruwa na dangi na ganye, wanda ke shafar aikin rayuwa na shuke-shuke. Gudanar da ƙwanƙwasa yana raguwa, yana haifar da raguwar ɗaukar carbon dioxide da ƙimar ƙimar photosynthesis. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa na ruwa yana haifar da raguwa a cikin abun ciki na chlorophyll, da kuma raguwa a cikin fihirisar ganye da tsawon lokacin girma. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna shafar photosynthesis kai tsaye, wanda hakan ke shafar busasshen kwayoyin halitta. Rage busassun al'amarin tubers iri ɗaya ne a cikin fari-m da fari-haƙuri iri. A lokaci guda kuma, nau'ikan da ke jure fari suna samar da ƙananan, amma manyan tubers (> 40 mm), wanda ke sa amfanin su ya fi kasuwa fiye da masu fama da fari. A rage a cikin yawan tubers dogara a kan mataki na danniya da kuma varietal halaye. Matsakaicin busassun nauyin tuber a ƙarƙashin ban ruwa mai kyau, matsakaicin fari (50% na ruwan ƙasa da ake samu) da matsanancin fari (25% na ruwan ƙasa da ake samu) shine 30,6 g kowace shuka 1, 10,8 g kowace shuka 1 da 1,6, 1. g da XNUMX shuka, bi da bi. All iri sãɓã wa jũna a samar da busassun al'amari na tubers karkashin daban-daban ruwa gwamnatocin.
A karkashin matsakaicin danniya na fari, raguwar yawan busassun busassun a cikin nau'ikan ya kasance daga 49,3% zuwa 85,2%, kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi - daga 93,2% zuwa 98,2%. Bambance-bambance tsakanin cultivars a bushe kwayoyin samar da tubers na iya zama saboda bambance-bambance a farkon balaga, tun farkon maturing iri samar da mafi girma matsakaici tuber taro fiye da marigayi maturing wadanda.
Damar rage fari. Zai zama ma'ana mu takaita kanmu a wannan bangare ga shawarwarin sanin hanyoyin ban ruwa daban-daban, a matsayin mafita ga matsalar fari. Koyaya, haɓakar haɓakar farashin tsarin ban ruwa, har zuwa 400 dubu rubles / ha, yana tilasta ƙarin amfani da amfani da yawa. mara ruwa, hanyoyin rage barnar fari. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Amfani da ƙarin nau'in dankalin turawa masu jure fari. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gano yawancin kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da damuwa na fari, amma har yanzu ba a ƙirƙiri nau'in nau'in dankalin turawa da ke jure fari ta hanyar amfani da fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta. Irin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) amma tare da dogon fari,suna da matsalolin ripening tubers a lokacin girbi (yanayin a cikin 2021). Farkon fari yana rage yawan amfanin gonaki da wuri-wuri fiye da waɗanda ba su daɗe ba. Late fari ne kasa da muhimmanci ga farkon iri, da kuma tubers na marigayi-ripening iri a cikin wannan harka ba su da lokaci zuwa ripen. A cikin yanayi na fari maras tabbas, ana iya rage tasirin damuwa ta fari ta hanyar shuka nau'ikan dankali da yawa tare da farkon balaga da nau'in girma a lokaci guda.
Ingantacciyar noma. Ayyukan noman da suka dace suna ƙara kutsawa cikin ruwa da rage ƙawancen ƙasa da zubar ruwan sama. Noman noma yana shafar wadatar ruwa ta hanyar canza yanayin ƙasa da rashin ƙarfi na ƙasa, amma amfani da tudu don shuka dankali yana ɗan iyakance damar yin noman dankalin turawa. Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa Idan aka kwatanta da samfurin fasaha na niƙa kafin dasa shuki da kuma lokacin da aka samu ƙwanƙwasa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da dalili ba a cikin gonaki da yawa, yin amfani da jikin jiki masu aiki don noma, zurfafa ƙasa, sassauta tazarar layi, dimples yana ba da sakamako mai ma'ana na rage yashwa, ruwa, wankin kasa da inganta tara ruwa (duba hoto 1-3, 3 - kallon filin dankalin turawa bayan 100 mm na hazo kowace rana).
Dangane da yanayin fari da ake samu akai-akai tare da la'akari da yiwuwar sauyin yanayi, yana da kyau a ba masu shuka dankalin turawa da dimples, musamman a kan filayen da ba su da tushe kuma a lokaci guda da dasa shuki, samar da cikakkun ridges (hoto 4). .
ƙasa kwayoyin halitta yana rage tasirin fari ta hanyar sarrafa ƙawancen ruwa, ɗaukar tururin ruwa a cikin yadudduka na ciyawa da haɓaka kutse. Taki na dabba, bambaro, taki mai kore, mai arzikin carbon, kuma na iya inganta yanayin abinci mai gina jiki na ƙasa da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa. An samu sakamako mai ban sha'awa sosai idan aka kwatanta da tsare-tsaren juyar da dankalin turawa biyar daban-daban (amma gajere) tare da ba tare da ban ruwa ba (5). Daidaitaccen juyi na shekara biyu ko "matsayin quo" (SQ) ya ƙunshi sha'ir da aka shuka da jajayen clover a matsayin amfanin gona mai rufewa, da dankali ya sake biye da shi a shekara mai zuwa, kuma ya haɗa da noman bazara da faɗuwar yau da kullun kowace shekara.
Jujjuyawar Tsarin ƙasa (SC) ta ƙunshi jujjuyawar sha'ir na shekaru uku da aka shuka da Timothawus, wanda ke ci gaba da girma a cikin shekara mai zuwa. A cikin wannan tsarin, noma yana raguwa sosai, yayin da babu buƙatar ƙarin kulawa da girbi a duk shekara, wanda ya inganta yanayin kiyaye ƙasa sosai. Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da ciyawa (2 t/ha) bayan girbin dankalin turawa don kara kiyaye albarkatun kasa. Jujjuyawar Ƙasa (SI) tana ƙunshe da noman asali iri ɗaya (shekaru 3, sha'ir/Timoti-Timothy-dankali, ƙayyadaddun gonaki, ciyawa bambaro) amma tare da ƙari na takin shekara-shekara (45 t / ha) don samar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa don inganta ƙasa. inganci. An tsara jujjuyawar amfanin gona na cututtukan (DS) don sarrafa cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙasa kuma sun haɗa da amfani da amfanin gona masu hana cututtuka, lokacin juyawa, bambancin amfanin gona, koren taki. Tsarin ya kasance zagaye na shekaru uku tare da nau'in mustard iri-iri na hana cututtuka da aka shuka don koren taki, sannan kuma shuka iri na mustard na shekara ta farko. A cikin shekara ta biyu, ana shuka ciyawa-sudan don koren taki, sai hatsin hunturu, tare da dankali a cikin shekara ta uku. An kwatanta waɗannan jujjuyawar amfanin gona da noman dankalin turawa na dindindin (PP).
Duk jujjuyawar ta ƙara yawan amfanin tuber idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa PP ba tare da juyawa ba, kuma tsarin SI, wanda ya haɗa da takin shekara-shekara, ya haifar da haɓakar yawan amfanin ƙasa da yawan adadin manyan tubers (Figures 3,4) fiye da duk sauran tsarin da ba a ba ruwa ba. daga 14 zuwa 90%. DS, wanda ya ƙunshi koren taki mai hana cututtuka da kuma rufe amfanin gona, ya samar da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin ban ruwa (ƙara 11-35%). Ban ruwa ya ba da gudummawar haɓakar yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin duk tsarin noma (Fig. 3,4), sai dai SI (matsakaicin karuwa na 27-37%). Har ila yau, ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a lokacin ganyayyaki na ganye da abun ciki na chlorophyll (a matsayin masu nuna yuwuwar photosynthetic) da kuma tushen da harbe biomass idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin noma, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba a ba ruwa ba. Jujjuyawar SI ta kuma ƙara yawan N, P, da K a cikin harbi da nama na tuber, amma ba yawancin ma'adanai ba.
Nazarin waɗannan tsarin noma ya nuna canje-canje a cikin yanayin jiki, sinadarai, da kuma yanayin halittu na ƙasa, kuma waɗannan tasirin sun kasance suna ƙaruwa cikin lokaci. Duk jujjuyawar ƙasa ta ƙaru da kwanciyar hankali, samun ruwa, ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da cikakken juyi (PP), da tsare-tsaren shekaru uku (SI, SC, DS) ya ƙaru jimlar kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da shekara biyu (SQ). Bugu da kari, shekaru uku sun rage raguwar jujjuyawar noma (SI da SC) sun karu da samun ruwa da rage yawan kasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin. Tsarin SI ya haifar da haɓaka mafi girma a cikin duka da ɓangarori na kwayoyin halitta, carbon mai aiki, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wadatar ruwa, yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da ƙarancin yawa fiye da sauran tsarin shuka. Hakanan an nuna SI don haɓaka ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana tasiri sosai ga halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, yayin da PP ke nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da sauran a tsakanin. Duk waɗannan canje-canjen sigogi ne don haɓaka ƙasa.
A cikin wannan binciken, duk jujjuyawar sun karu da yawan amfanin gona na kasuwanci ba tare da ban ruwa ba idan aka kwatanta da babu juyawa (PP), amma bambancin SI ya samar da mafi girman yawan amfanin ƙasa na duk tsarin (duka duka da kasuwanci): 30-40% mafi girma akan matsakaita fiye da SQ da tsarin PP na duk shekaru (Fig.3,4). Bambance-bambancen amfanin gona ya kasance mafi girma a cikin bushewar shekaru (2007 da 2010), lokacin da yawan amfanin SI ya kasance 40-90% sama da SQ da PP. Bugu da kari, a cikin tsarin SI, an sami mafi girman abun ciki na manyan tubers masu girma da ƙari.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa a karkashin ban ruwa, duk jujjuya amfanin gona, ban da SI, ya ba da mafi girma yawan amfanin gona idan aka kwatanta da fasahar da ba ta da ruwa, yayin da jimillar amfanin gona da kasuwa ya kasance a matsakaicin 27 da 37%, bi da bi. Bambancin SI kawai ya samar da kwatankwacin (kuma mai girma) amfanin gona a cikin yanayin ban ruwa da marasa ban ruwa. Bayanan da aka samu da karfi sun nuna cewa karuwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da aka lura a cikin SI yana da alaƙa da ingantacciyar yanayin ƙasa, ƙara ƙarfin riƙe ruwa da ruwa da ake samu ga shuke-shuke. orochenenie muhimmanci ƙara girma da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa a yanayin filin al'ada но tsarin juyawa amfanin gonacewa SI, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, da gaske ya maye gurbin ban ruwa, yana ba da sakamako kwatankwacin ba tare da ban ruwa ba.
Amfani mai gina jiki mai ma'ana abubuwa Hakanan yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka juriyar dankali ga fari, saboda yana shafar ƙarfin riƙe ruwa na ƙasa da ƙwayoyin shuka. Wasu sinadarai masu gina jiki irin su Zn, N, P, K da Se suna rage damuwa na fari. Foliar da ƙasa aikace-aikace na silicon inganta fari haƙuri da dankali. Matsakaicin aikace-aikacen potassium yana haifar da juriya na fari ta hanyar haɓaka haɓaka, musayar gas, sinadirai, kaddarorin antioxidant. A matsayin mai kawar da damuwa, potassium yana rage mummunan tasirin fari ta hanyar daidaitawa ko inganta aikin stomatal da ƙimar photosynthesis, CO.2 da kuma ATP kira. Yin amfani da potassium, ciki har da kai tsaye a cikin tsari na fari (cin abinci na foliar), rage danniya, ba tare da la'akari da iri (1). Gabatarwar potassium shine hanya mai inganci don haɓaka juriya na fari na amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa.
Aikace-aikacen foliar na masu kula da haɓakar dabi'a da na roba tsire-tsire kuma na iya rage illar fari. Duk da yake wannan sabuwar fasaha ce a fannin aikin gona, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na ingantaccen dabarun sarrafa fari. A cikin ayyukan duniya manyan-sikelin dankalin turawa girma domin neutralizationAbubuwan da ke haifar da zafi da fari sun fi amfani da su ta hanyar ruwan ruwan teku, furotin hydrolysates, humic acid da micro.shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu. Hukunce-hukuncen da suka dace game da amfani da biostimulants sun ɗan bambanta da ƙayyadaddun ka'idoji (2). Duk samfuran kasuwanci da aka karɓa da zafi da fari sun mamaye amino acid glycine a cikin tsaftataccen sigar sa kuma a hade tare da betaine (wanda aka samu daga glycine).
Don tsantsa daga algae da humates, abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta shine na farko. Ƙarin samfuran da aka tattara za su fi tasiri. An fi son humic acid fiye da fulvic acid. Dole ne shirye-shiryen microbiological su ƙayyade nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in halittu) yana tabbatar da inganci a wannan yanki kawai ta hanyar ci gaban cibiyoyin bincike na asali, kuma ba a kafa ikon nau'in kwayoyin halitta masu amfani ba nan da nan, amma a cikin shekaru masu yawa. Ba shi da ma'ana don amfani da shirye-shirye tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, abubuwan da ba a iya fahimta da abun ciki da ba a san su ba ko ƙirar abun ciki a cikin ma'aunin ma'auni mara kyau. Abin takaici, har yanzu akwai isassun irin waɗannan samfuran marasa sana'a a kasuwa.
Daidaita hanyoyin aiki tare da kayan iri. Fari danniya, musamman a hade tare da wuce haddi zafi, worsens physiological jihar iri tubers. Lokacin zurfin dormancy yana raguwa, haɗarin farkon, a zahiri kaka, germination na tubers iri-iri tare da ɗan gajeren dormancy na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ajiya yana ƙaruwa. Dole ne a yi la'akari da tasirin fari lokacin shirya iri don takamaiman dalilai na girma dankalin turawa. Dole ne a kula da kulawa ta musamman don auna buƙatar amfani da sakamakon tsawan lokaci germination na tubers iri na kowane iri a yanayin zafi.
Tip о motsi samarwa dankali zuwa yankuna masu yawan ruwan sama kuma ƙananan yuwuwar fari a kan sikelin faɗuwar Tarayyar Rasha ya yi daidai. Haka ne, wannan ba shi da mahimmanci ga yawancin masana'antun da ake da su, amma yana da kyau ga masu farawa su kula da irin wannan damar da hankali kuma a kan lokaci, watau. a matakin tsara aikin. Kyakkyawan tasiri a mafi yawan lokuta shine kawar da filayen dankalin turawa a cikin babban kamfani ɗaya. Sau da yawa, ko da a nesa na 5-10-20 km, adadin da lokacin hazo ya bambanta sosai. Rarraba jimlar yanki yana ba da damar haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na babban girbin dankalin turawa.
An yi la’akari da tsananin fari a harkar noma a matsayin ma’auni. wadanda. wani yanayi mai mahimmanci wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga ikon cika nauyin kwangila ga abokan ciniki, bankuna, da dai sauransu. Tare da haɗin gwiwa na gaskiya a cikin masana'antu da aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati don tallafawa kwanciyar hankali na samar da abinci a cikin irin wannan yanayi, al'ada ne don amfani da matakan tattalin arziki don rama lalacewar fari ga masu noma.
Don haka, a cikin 2022, an sami dogon fari tare da yanayin zafi a manyan ƙasashe masu samar da dankalin turawa na Turai: Jamus, Belgium, Faransa, da Ingila. An riga an ƙididdige yawan girbin dankalin turawa a cikin EU zai kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin martani a canana ɗaukar su da sauri: ban da garantin inshorar inshora, ana sake sabunta farashin kwangila - ba shakka, sama, an daidaita jurewar girman dankalin tebur a cikin kasuwancin dillali, ba shakka, ƙasa. Saƙon tallace-tallace suna sanar da masu amfani game da dalilan canza canjin, al'umma gabaɗaya suna da fahimtar cewa a cikin wannan yanayin rabon kuɗin da 'yan kasuwa ke samu a cikin jimlar ya kamata a rage farashin a cikin ni'imar manoma. Wannan salon aiki na sarƙoƙin dillalai na ƙasashen waje, suna samun kuɗi sosai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, bai shafi masu shuka dankalin turawa na Rasha ba. A halin yanzu farashin sayan dankalin turawa ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da bara, lokacin da kuma aka yi fama da fari (tunda fari-2022 bai mamaye dukkan yankuna ba), kuma lokaci ya yi da ya kamata hukumomin jihohi da masu kula da su, kungiyoyin masana'antu su mai da hankali kan hakan. Kuma yana da kyau a ba da tallafi ga masu noman dankalin turawa a cikin yanayin fari, ta yadda a zahiri ke nuna damuwa game da samar da abinci da maye gurbin shigo da su.
Don haka, fari ya zama babban al'amari na halitta wanda ke iyakance yawan amfanin dankali. Hankalin amfanin gona ga fari ya samo asali ne saboda tsarin tushen sa mara zurfi. Sakamakon damuwa na ruwa ya bambanta a matakai daban-daban na girma. Tuber farawa da girma sune matakai mafi mahimmanci. Rashin ruwa a lokacin bayyanar tubers zai iya tasiri sosai ga ingancin siffar murdiya, scab baza, fasa, hollowness. Rashin ruwa a lokacin kumburin tubers yana da tasiri mafi girma akan yawan amfanin ƙasa. Halin da ake samu na samuwar ganyen ganye, nau'in ci gaban iri-iri yana ƙayyade matakin juriya na fari. Za a iya rage tasirin damuwa ta fari ta zaɓi da girma a lokaci guda nau'ikan dankali da yawa masu girma dabam da yanayin girma. Yin amfani da zurfafa ƙasa, jikin masu aiki, sassauta tazarar layi da dimples suna tabbatar da kiyaye damshin ƙasa da hazo a lokacin girma. Ƙara tsawon lokacin juyawa amfanin gona, yin amfani da amfanin gona na rufewa, koren taki, rage aikin noma da aikace-aikacen takin gargajiya yana inganta haɓaka da yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin yanayin fari. Ingantattun hanyoyin rage lalacewa daga fari sune ƙwararrun sarrafa kayan iri, shirye-shiryen rigakafin damuwa na musamman da ciyar da foliar tare da abubuwan gina jiki da aka yi niyya.
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