Kazakhstan ce ke kan gaba wajen samar da dankalin turawa a tsakiyar Asiya. Bayan rikicin noma a shekarun 1990, jumhuriya cikin sauri ta kawo ƙaramar fannin zuwa wani sabon matsayi. Kuma a yau ba kawai cikakken samar da kanta da dankali, amma kuma barga fitarwa daga gare su.
Ƙwaƙwalwar tsalle
An kafa dankalin turawa na zamani a Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan (RK) a cikin lokacin daga 2007 zuwa 2014. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana samun bunkasuwa da ingancin kayayyaki saboda karuwar yawan noman noma da kuma kwarewar manoma.
"Dankali wani samfur ne mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa kuma yana da matukar mahimmanci ga yankin," in ji Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Dankali da Ganye na Kazakhstan. Kairat Bisetaev. - A cikin yanayi na rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da ƙalubalen siyasa, al'adu suna warware matsalolin tsaro na abinci yadda ya kamata.
Akwai gonaki kusan 160 a cikin jamhuriyar da ke noman dankali a ma'aunin masana'antu. Jimillar yankin da ake nomawa a shekarar 2023 ya zarce kadada dubu 36. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa ga ƙananan gonakin manoma shine 15-25 t/ha, ga waɗanda suka fi girma - 30-45 t/ha. A kudancin kasar, wakilan ƙananan masana'antu suna gudanar da girbi cikakken girbi sau biyu a shekara, wanda na farko ya "rufe" lokacin bazara a cikin lokacin daga Yuni zuwa Yuli tare da haɗin gwiwa.
"A watan Oktoba, gonar ta gama girbin dankali daga wani yanki mai girman kadada 205, takwas daga cikinsu suna karkashin iri," in ji masanin aikin gona na Agropeasant Dvor TOO. Александр Matvienko. - A ƙoƙarin haɓaka ribar amfanin gona, muna gabatar da fasahohin ci gaba a cikin tsarin samarwa. A sakamakon haka, a wasu yankuna muna karɓar kayayyaki har zuwa ton 63 a kowace kadada.
"A farkon kakar wasa, an ware kadada 336 don dankali," in ji darektan Baimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Karancin yawan amfanin ƙasa da kamfaninmu ke bi shine ton 40 a kowace kadada. Koyaya, dangane da shekara, wannan adadi zai iya ƙaruwa har sau ɗaya da rabi.
"An kara yankin da ake noman gona daga hekta biyar zuwa 500 a cikin shekaru ashirin, kuma ba za mu daina ba," in ji darektan Astyk-STEM LLP. Sergey Zvolsky. - A cikin 2022, masana'antar da aka yi ban ruwa ta sami kusan ton 57 na dankali a kowace kadada tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na ton 38-40.
"A wannan kakar mun shuka amfanin gona a kan kadada 416," darektan Naydorovskoe LLP ya ci gaba da batun. Pavel Lushchak. – Tsaftace yawan jama’a a gona yakan fara ne a ranar 21 ga Satumba kuma ya ƙare makonni uku bayan haka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an canza lokacin ƙarshe, kamar wannan lokacin. Sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya, mun fara tono dankali a ranar 43 ga Satumba, amma matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona ya haura na bara: ton 37 a kowace kadada da XNUMX.
Kafada mai karfi
Kimanin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi na farko sun bayyana a cikin jamhuriyar, waɗanda suka fara tsare-tsaren kare muradun manoma. Aikinsu shi ne isar da bayanan da suka wajaba ga jihar tare da daukar matakan da suka dace don magance matsaloli.
"Ƙungiyar masu noman dankalin turawa da kayan lambu na Kazakhstan, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2008, ya fara aiki sosai tun 2016," in ji Kairat Bisetaev. “Tun daga wannan lokacin, muna ba da bayanai na zamani game da yadda al’amura ke gudana a karamar hukumar ga hukuma. Sakamakon tattaunawar da muka yi nasarar kafa shi ne bullar matakan da ba a taba gani ba na tallafin jihohi. Misali, tallafin rabin farashin manoma don shirya ban ruwa, siyan takin ma'adinai da magungunan kashe kwari.
Daga shekarar 2023, tallafin kashi 25 na baya na gina wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa da kayan lambu ya karu zuwa kashi 40 cikin dari. Idan masana'anta ya shigar da kayan sanyi don adana kayayyakin daga girbin da suka gabata a lokacin rani, za a biya shi kashi 50% na farashi. Ana ba da tallafin jihohi ga waɗanda ke siyan injinan noma, kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni da yawa.
"50% na farashin tsaba na farkon haifuwa kuma ana tallafawa," in ji Pavel Lushchak. – Bugu da kari, jihar ta mayar da kashi 75% na kudin da ake biya na ayyukan isar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da injina don ban ruwa.
Akwai yuwuwar
Kamfanonin noma a Kazakhstan galibi suna shuka nau'in dankalin turawa na zaɓin Jamusanci da Yaren mutanen Holland. Manoma suna siyan kayan manyan kasashen waje suna yada shi a gonakinsu zuwa na farko da na biyu.
"Nau'in amfanin gona na cikin gida ba zai iya yin gogayya da na Turai ba, kasancewar kasa da su ta fuskar kasuwa, kiyaye inganci, da juriya na cututtuka," na tabbata. Kairat Bisetaev. – Dukkanin su an yi kiwo ne ga yankunan kudu maso gabas na jamhuriyar, duk da cewa an fi noman dankalin ne a arewacin kasar, inda ake bukatar irin da ke da karancin lokacin noma.
"Mun kasance muna amfani da tsaba na Turai shekaru da yawa," ya tabbatar Pavel Lushchak, - amma lokacin da aka fara matsalolin kayan aiki, farashin su ya karu sosai. Saboda haka, a wannan kakar mun dauki nau'in iri daga Turkiyya don gwadawa, wanda, ciki har da bayarwa, ya kashe mu daidai da rabin.
"A wannan mataki akwai bukatar mayar da hankali kan samar da iri," in ji Maxim Bukaemsky. - A cikin 2021, a kan shirin Kazakhstan Union of dankalin turawa da kayan lambu Growers, an kaddamar da wani aiki a cikinsa kamfanin NAK na Holland, tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Belgium, suna duba filayen da dankalin iri, alal misali, a gonar mu, a cikin yanayin matukin jirgi. . Wannan yana ba wa jamhuriyar dama ta gaske ta tashi zuwa matakin masu samarwa na Turai.
"Kowace shekara muna gwada sabbin nau'in dankalin turawa," in ji Alexander Matvienko, - muna zaɓar wa kanmu waɗanda aka adana da kyau, suna nuna yawan amfanin ƙasa da inganci mai kyau. Yanzu muna tunani sosai game da gudummawar da muke bayarwa don bunkasa samar da iri. Ta hanyar siyan manyan fitattun mutane a Turai ko Rasha, za mu iya yada iri da samar da kasuwar cikin gida tare da fitattun mutane.
"A cikin zaɓi da samar da iri, har yanzu muna dogara gaba ɗaya akan shigo da kaya," in ji ta Kairat Bisetaev. – Amma muna da dukan damar da nasara namo iri dankali: sharply continental sauyin yanayi, sararin yankuna, manyan yankunan karkashin ban ruwa. A yau, Tarayyar, tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Tsirrai da Kimiyyar Halitta, tare da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan, suna shirya wani tsarin doka wanda zai ba da damar yin sauye-sauye zuwa tsarin dubawa da takaddun shaida mai kama da na Turai. Aikin tare da halartar NAK, wanda aka riga aka tattauna, yana da nufin samar da yanayi don haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin yammacin Turai. Suna neman kasashe ne kawai da za su iya shuka iri don siyarwa a kasuwannin Asiya masu tasowa.
Turai - Asiya
Filaye, kayan ajiya, kayan aiki da injunan ban ruwa a cikin gonakin Kazakhstan galibi na samar da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ne.
"Masu noman dankalin turawa," in ji shi Kairat Bisetaev, - Dangane da kayan aikin fasaha, matakin fasaha na noman amfanin gona da adana amfanin gona, a zahiri ba su da ƙasa da manoman Yammacin Turai.
"Akwai manyan dillalai uku na masu kera injunan noma na duniya a cikin jamhuriyar," in ji bayanin Alexander Matvienko. - Suna ba da samfurori da yawa. Duk wani injuna da raka'a suna hannun jari, kuma don wasu abubuwan ana buƙatar pre-oda.
"Lokacin da sayen kayan aiki na Yamma, muna mai da hankali kan amincinsa," in ji zabinsa Sergey Zvolsky. - Muna ƙoƙarin ɗaukar motoci tare da ƙarin ayyuka don yin amfani da mafi kyawun damar su. Misali, muna da tarakta mai basirar wucin gadi da kuma injin girbi mai sarrafa kansa wanda ke sarrafa duk girbin.
Samun dama ga tushe
Gonakin jamhuriyar da ke noman dankali a sikelin masana'antu suna da tsarin ban ruwa na zamani.
"Muna amfani da ruwan ambaliya, muna tattara su a kan raƙuman ruwa na musamman a cikin bazara, lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke," in ji Pavel Lushchak. “Saboda noman noman noma, mun yi nasarar kara yawan amfanin gona sau da yawa, kuma hekta daya na gonakin noman ya maye gurbin kadada 30-35 na busasshiyar kasa.
"Muna da nau'in sprinklers na madauwari," ya ba da labarin kwarewarsa. Maxim Bukaemsky. – Ba za mu iya samun na gaba ba saboda filin. Amma yin aiki a wuraren tuddai yana da fa'ida. Wannan shine yadda muke samun damar samun maɓuɓɓugar ruwa dake gefen tsaunuka.
"A yau filin da ake noman ruwa a gonar ya kai kadada 600," in ji shi Alexander Matvienko, - amma shekara ta gaba zai karu da wani 200. Abin takaici, wannan shine iyaka, in ba haka ba a lokacin kakar ba za mu sami isasshen ruwa da aka samu daga tafki na Podlesnenskoye ba.
"Matsalar karancin ruwa, kamar yadda yake a kasashe da yawa, tana da matukar dacewa," in ji jihohi Sergey Zvolsky. “A wajen magance ta, mun fara hakar rijiyoyi, muka gano wurare da dama, inda a yanzu haka akwai tafkunan ruwa masu girman mita 8-10.
Abubuwan dakatarwa
Dalilai da yawa na haƙiƙa suna hana fahimtar babban ƙarfin jumhuriyar a cikin noman dankalin turawa.
"Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shi ne rashin babban jari," in ji Kairat Bisetaev. - A saboda wannan dalili, ba duk manoma ne ke bin fasaha ba kuma ba za su iya samun girbi mai kyau da samfuran inganci ba. Ƙananan masana'antun da ke aiki ba tare da hayar ma'aikata ba suna da matukar rashin cancantar cancantar.
"Rashin ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin masana'antar yana kusa da mahimmanci," in ji shi Alexander Matvienko. – Kuma har ma wadanda suka kammala karatu a cibiyoyin ilimi na musamman ba sa son yin aikin gona. Kwararrun masana aikin gona, ma'aikatan injina, da masana fasaha sun cancanci nauyinsu a zinare, kuma suna ƙoƙarin riƙe su da dukkan ƙarfinsu.
"Kamfaninmu, lokacin da yake warware matsalolin ma'aikata, yana neman mutanen da suka dace yayin da suke ci gaba da karatu a makaranta ko kwaleji," in ji shi. Sergey Zvolsky.- Kuma don kada mutane su bar rayuwa mai kyau, muna ƙoƙarin kawar da layi tsakanin birni da ƙauye, samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ma'aikata.
A cewar kungiyar masu noman dankalin turawa da kayan lambu na Kazakhstan, wuraren ajiya na zamani sanye da kayan sarrafa yanayi an tsara su don adana sama da ton dubu 500 na kayayyakin lokaci guda. Amma saboda karuwar yanki da karuwar yawan amfanin ƙasa, akwai buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin aiki.
"Aikin noman dankalin turawa ya fara ne da gina wurin ajiya na ton dubu 12," in ji bayanin. Maxim Bukaemsky. “Mun fahimci cewa ba shi yiwuwa a gina kasuwanci mai nasara a wannan yanki in ba haka ba. Masu masana'anta waɗanda ba su da kuɗi don tsara ajiya suna rasa babban kaso na ribar da suke samu.
Kasuwanni sun ƙayyade
Manoman jamhuriyar sun fi sayar da kayayyakinsu ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani, kuma da yawa ba su gamsu da sharuɗɗan tallace-tallace ba. Cibiyoyin sadarwa guda ɗaya suna aiki kai tsaye tare da masana'anta, gami da ƙarƙashin kwangilolin gaba. A irin waɗannan lokuta, manoma suna karɓar kuɗin gaba tare da ƙayyadaddun farashi a lokacin shirye-shiryen aikin filin bazara don sake cika jarin aiki.
"Kasuwanci na Kazakhstan shine kasuwanni, ko kasuwanni, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sayar da kayayyakin noma," in ji bayanin kula. Kairat Bisetaev. - Dangane da alkalumman kungiyar, sama da kashi 80% na dankali ana ba da su ga dillalai ko kai tsaye ga masu siye na ƙarshe ta kasuwanni. Wasu daga cikinsu kuma suna aiki azaman hanyoyin rarraba jumloli.
"Kusan rabin girbin yana zuwa ga masu sayar da kayayyaki," in ji Pavel Lushchak, - kuma muna ba da ɗayan zuwa sarƙoƙi na siyarwa. Ba mu gaggawar sayar da dankalin ba, muna ajiye dankalin a ajiya har zuwa farkon kakar wasa kuma muna sayar da su kowane wata daidai gwargwado.
"Dole ne mu jure gasa mai tsanani," in ji shi Maxim Bukaemsky. - Rasha, Kyrgyzstan, da dankalin Iran ana wakilta sosai a kasuwa. Kuma duk da haka samfuranmu sun isa ga masu amfani da dubban kilomita daga nesa, alal misali, a Moscow.
"A yayin barkewar cutar, Kazakhstanis ta rasa kasuwar Uzbek, ta rasa ta ga Rasha," in ji Alexander Matvienko. - A cikin 2021, mun sake sayar da dankali sosai ga makwabta, kuma a cikin 2022, tallace-tallace ya faru ne a cikin ƙasar. Amma a nan manoman da suka noma kayayyaki marasa inganci sun rage mana farashin.
"Dalilin tsalle-tsalle na farashi shine cewa ba a kayyade kasuwa ta kowace hanya," na tabbata Sergey Zvolsky. – Shekara guda, buqatar ta fi wadata, kuma farashin dankali ya tashi. A cikin ɗayan, yawan 'yan wasan da ke da nufin samun riba mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa, kuma muna samun karuwar al'adu.
Ƙayyadadden yanayin
"Ƙungiyar masu noman dankalin turawa da kayan lambu na Kazakhstan na ci gaba da aikinta," in ji ta Kairat Bisetaev. – Yanzu mun yanke shawarar yadda za a shiga harkar noman dankalin turawa, wanda ba shi da arha ko kadan, ya fi sauki, musamman ga kananan manoma. Bugu da ƙari, muna neman masu zuba jari na kasashen waje don wani yanki mai mahimmanci a gare mu - sarrafa dankalin turawa. Wannan yanki yana buƙatar haɓakawa a zahiri daga tushe, kuma wannan babban ƙalubale ne a gare mu.
"Masu noman dankalin turawa suna fuskantar tarnaki saboda ƙarancin damar sayar da kayayyakinsu," in ji shi Pavel Lushchak. - Kudiddigar da ke zuwa jamhuriyar makwabta ko Rasha, a ganina, bai isa ba don fitar da cikakken fitarwa. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar sabbin kasuwanni.
"Na gaba da mu ita ce Uzbekistan mai yawan jama'a miliyan arba'in," in ji shi. Maxim Bukaemsky, – da sauran kasashe a yankin Asiya, inda dankali ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kayan abinci. Ina tsammanin muna da bege don girma, kuma masu kyau sosai a wancan.
"Tun da muka ɗauki wannan al'amari da muhimmanci," in ji shi Sergey Zvolsky, - kuma muna da kwararru, mun sami wasu kwarewa, an warware matsalolin inganci da adana amfanin gona, an kafa sarƙoƙin tallace-tallace, za mu ci gaba da ci gaban mu. Kuma tabbas za mu kai ga sabon matsayi.
Irina Berg