YAYA AKE SAMUN INGAN DANKUNAN KYAU IDAN RASHIN TSARKI A YANKI YA ZAMA AL'ADA, KUMA SHIGA BANBANCI A GONA YANA YIWU?
ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana sun ba da shawarar su kula IRI-JUYYAR FARI.
MAI JUYIN RUWA KO ZAFI?
Da farko, bari mu yi magana da ƙamus. Kamar yadda aka gani Evgeny Simakov Likitan Kimiyyar Aikin Gona, Farfesa, Shugaban Sashen Gwajin Gene Pool na FRC Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorch, ya zama dole don rarrabe tsakanin ra'ayoyin "iri masu jure fari" da "iri-iri masu zafi (zafi)". Kashi na farko ya haɗa da waɗanda za su iya jure wa fari ƙasa da iska. "Muna magana ne game da nau'ikan da za su iya jure wa cikakken rashin danshi na ɗan lokaci (amma ba duka kakar ba!) - masanin kimiyya ya bayyana, - kuma nau'ikan da ke jure zafi suna kasancewa masu amfani a yanayin zafi mai yawa, amma a gaban ban ruwa". Ana wakilta nau'ikan da ke da zafi sosai a kasuwa. "Colomba, Arizona, Impala, Riviera suna jin daɗi, alal misali, a cikin yankin Astrakhan, akan ban ruwa, - in ji Evgeny Simakov, - Favorit da Grand na iya zama misalan nau'ikan jure zafi na gida.»
Iri masu jure fari sun ragu sosai. "a cikin Tarayyar Soviet shekaru a yankunan kudanci nau'in Volzhanin ya shahara sosai. Masanin ya tuna Stepan Afanasyevich Lezhepekov ya kirkiro shi. Makiyaya a Ulyanovsk gwaji tashar. Ana iya kiran wannan nau'in nau'in ma'aunin jurewar fari. Har yanzu ana girma a yanzu, amma sau da yawa akan gonaki masu zaman kansu, inda bayyanar waje ba ta da mahimmanci.ny irin tuber. Volzhanin ya yi hasara shugabannin zamani a sigogi na gani (m fata, zurfin idanu) da alamun yawan amfanin ƙasa".
Wani sanannen iri-iri masu jure fari - Majestic (Birtaniya), - Farfesa Simakov ya cika. - a kudancin Rasha, ya ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 15-20 t / ha lokacin girma ba tare da glaze".
Irin na zamani, ba shakka, akwai kuma, kuma suna girma a yau ba kawai a cikin yankuna masu zafi na al'ada ba.
AKWAI ZABI
A cikin yankin Chelyabinsk, alal misali, an ware hectare dubu 7,2 don dankali a fannin samarwa, amma ana shigar da kayan aikin ban ruwa ne kawai a wasu gonaki masu ci gaba. A halin yanzu, fari ga wannan yanki ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
«A cikin Urals, ya riga ya zama doka cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin watanni na rani ya wuce gaba ɗaya ba tare da ruwan sama ba. - jihohi Alexander Vasiliev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Babban Mai bincike na Kudancin Ural Research Institute of Horticulture da Dankali girma (UNIISK), wani reshe na Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center na Ural Branch na Rasha Academy of Sciences. - Mun yi rikodin fari na tsawon shekaru hudu a jere, kuma 2022, kamar na ƙarshe, muna magana ne akan mafi wahala, tun lokacin da aka sami ƙarancin hazo a cikin waɗannan lokutan fiye da na 1975 (shekara mafi bushewa a yankin a lokacin lura).". A cewar masanin kimiyya, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun nau'in jure fari a cikin Kudancin Urals, wanda zai iya samar da sakamako mai kyau ko da a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai zafi, shine nau'in Tarasov na Rasha. "Yana da nau'in Nevsky a cikin iyayensa - filastik sosai, - ya bayyana Alexander Vasiliev, - al'adar daji ƙanana ce, kuma ba ta da yawa manyan tubers. Tsakanin kakar wasa. Yana da yuwuwar iya aiki sosai, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau, yawan amfanin ƙasa zai iya kaiwa kilogiram 3 a kowace daji (kimanin 120 t/ha), matsakaicin shine 90 t/ha. Idan akwai danshi aƙalla a wani lokaci a cikin kakar, tsire-tsire na wannan nau'in suna amfani da shi zuwa iyakar".
Evgeny Simakov
Likitan Kimiyyar Aikin Noma, Farfesa, Shugaban Sashen Gwajin Gene Pool na FRC Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorcha:
“A shekara ta 2010, mun fara bambance nau’o’in da ke cikin layinmu da ke iya jure wa fari da kasa da iska, kuma sakamakon binciken da aka yi, ARIEL ya zama wanda ya fi jure fari, sannan SADON da METEOR. Kowace kwanaki goma a wannan lokacin muna girbi mai ƙarfi, kuma waɗannan nau'ikan sun nuna aƙalla ƙaramin haɓaka, amma. A cikin wasu nau'ikan da ke ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, daga wani lokaci na lokaci, ba a sami karuwar yawan amfanin ƙasa ba. ”.
A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaji na YuUNIISK, a cikin lokacin rani na 2019-2022, ba tare da ban ruwa ba, nau'in Tarasov yana ba da kwarin gwiwa game da 40 t / ha. A cewar masanin, akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke nuna sakamako mai kyau a yanayin zafi da fari, amma kawo yanzu ba su da kyau.
Don haka, nau'ikan Kashtak da Zakhar sun nuna kansu cikin cancanta a cikin 2021, amma a cikin yanayi mai zuwa alamun sun ragu sosai. Yawan amfanin nau'in Spiridon a cikin 2022 ya kasance 15% sama da shekara guda da ta gabata.
A cikin yankin Moscow, fari kuma ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba. "В wannan kakar, mun dasa a baya na saba kwanakin, shuke-shuke da babban wadata da danshi daga hunturu, amma sai, ko'ina. lokacin rani, ba a yi ruwan sama ko daya a gundumar Shatursky ba. In ji Evgeny Simakov.
Manyan gonakin noma da ke aiki a yankin suna noma dankali a karkashin ban ruwa, amma kananan gonaki suna fama da asara a cikin shekaru bushe.
A yankin Samara, wanda ya shahara da yanayin zafi da bushewa, sun tattara nasu kima na nau'ikan da suka dace da girma a cikin yanayi na matsanancin zafi da rashin hazo. A cikin wannan yanki, an gudanar da aikin kimiyya don sanin mafi yawan nau'in Rasha da ke jure fari na tsawon shekaru hudu ta Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Samara. N.M. Tulaykova - reshe na SamScience Center na Rasha Academy of Sciences.
«Cibiyar mu tana shiga cikin ilimin muhalli da yanayin ƙasagwajin sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa na cikin gida masu albarka (a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da cikakken Tsari don Binciken Kimiyya kan Haɓaka Kiwo da Samar da iri), - ya bayyana Alexei Bakunov, Dan takarar Kimiyyar Noma, Jagoran Bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Samara, - taken mu bincike - " Daraja iri и matasan abu dankali akan juriya ga abubuwan damuwa na biotic da abiotic a cikin yanayin yankin tsakiyar Volga. An gudanar da aikin tare tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halitta na Volga Basin na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Rasha, duk abubuwan da suka dace na nazarin halittu ana aiwatar dasu bisa ga IEVB RAS.".
Zagayowar gwajin shekaru uku na farko ya ƙare a cikin 2021. Daga cikin nau'ikan 45 da aka bayar ga Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Samara, masana kimiyya sun gano mafi kyawun biyu (wanda ya nuna mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa da juriya ga cututtukan hoto ko'ina cikin kowane yanayi) - waɗannan sune Krasa Meshchery da Siversky.
An nuna mafi girman yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin 2019, lokacin da yanayin girma ya yi kyau sosai. Lokaci biyu na gaba sun kasance zafi da bushewa, yanayin iska a cikin watanni na rani yakan wuce 40 ° C, yanayin ƙasa: 50 ° C. Dankali a cikin filayen gwaji ya girma ba tare da ban ruwa ba. A lokaci guda, matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na Krasa Meshchery iri-iri na shekaru uku shine 30 t / ha, Siversky - 29 t / ha.
Rage yawan amfanin ƙasa daga kakar zuwa kakar (musamman ana bayyana shi a cikin Siversky iri-iri), a cewar masana kimiyya, yawanci ba saboda yanayin yanayi ba, amma ga lalacewar tubers, tarin cututtukan hoto (wannan tsari yana da zafi musamman a yanayin zafi). ).
Ire-iren Utro, Terra, Alaska, Debyut sun tabbatar da kyau sosai yayin gwaje-gwajen, amma alamun yawan amfanin su sun faɗi sau uku daga 2019 zuwa 2022. Duk sauran nau'ikan sun ba da girbi mai kyau kawai a farkon lokacin girma, to, an sami raguwar raguwar aiki.
ALAMOMIN AIKATA
Amma babban aikin masu binciken na Samara ba wai kawai suna sunayen shugabannin ba ne, amma don tantance waɗanne sigogin ilimin lissafi da sinadarai na shuka dankalin zai iya nuna juriya ga zafi ko fari, don samun damar zaɓar irin waɗannan nau'ikan bisa ga “na yau da kullun. halaye”, ba tare da yin gwaje-gwaje na dogon lokaci ba.
«Babban alamar jure zafi da fari ya rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, - tunatarwa Alexey Bakunov, - muna ƙoƙarin neman alakar da ke tsakanin sigogin ilimin lissafi da na biochemical na shuka tare da shi. Bisa ga abubuwan da muka lura, da farko, tsarin samar da kayan aiki yana tasiri ta hanyar abun ciki na hotuna na photosynthesis, matakin peroxidation na lipid, da yanayin tsarin kwayoyin halitta.". A yayin gwajin, masana kimiyya sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa nau'ikan dankalin turawa na kungiyoyin balaga daban-daban suna aiwatar da hanyoyin daidaitawa daban-daban zuwa yanayi mara kyau.
«A farkon maturing iri Yawan aiki yana ƙaddara ta matakan girmarashin abubuwan da suka shafi hotunan hoto (chlorophyll b) da ƙarancin adadin stomata a kowane yanki na ganye. A tsakiyar kakar, ana lura da tsarin juzu'i: matakin hotunan hotunan ya ɗan ragu kaɗan, kuma adadin stomata a kowace rukunin ganye ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin rukuni na farko-farko, an bayyana babban kwanciyar hankali na tsarin kwayar halitta a gaban karuwar yawan tubers (a cikin Yuli). Kuma a cikin tsakiyar kakar iri (kamar yadda a cikin nau'ikan tare da mafi tsayi girma kakar) mafi babban matakin proline (amino acidkai mai kiyayewa shuka a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa) kuma kadan matakin lipid peroxidation", - Alexei Bakunov raba abubuwan da ya yanke.
Dangane da bayanan da aka samu, masu binciken sun sami damar gina samfuran gwaji na dogaro da yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa na ƙungiyoyin balaga daban-daban akan yanayin noman ruwa. Musamman, masana kimiyya sun ƙaddara cewa a farkon nau'in, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya dogara da yanayin iska fiye da danshin ƙasa (suna da lokaci don kama danshi na bazara). Akasin haka, genotypes na tsakiyar farkon da tsakiyar ripening sun fi kulawa da abun ciki na danshi a cikin ƙasa kuma basu dogara da karuwar zafin iska ba. A lokaci guda kuma, masu tasowa na tsakiya sun fi dogara da zafin jiki fiye da farkon farkon, tun lokacin da tsarin tuberization ya fi girma a cikin su.
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan samfuran don hasashen yawan amfanin gonakin nau'in dankalin turawa daban-daban. Amma binciken bai kare ba. Tun daga 2022, Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Samara ta koma mataki na gaba na aiki, yanzu masana kimiyya za su gudanar da cikakken gwaji don jure fari na sabbin nau'ikan dankali 55. Shin wannan yana nufin cewa wannan ma'auni yana ƙara zama mahimmanci yayin girma amfanin gona?
ZAI ZAFI
Har yanzu makiyaya ba su lura da karuwar bukatar irin dankalin da ke jure fari a kasuwa ba kuma suna taka-tsan-tsan a hasashensu.
«Masu noma a yankinmu na fama da barnar fari da ake ta fama da su daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma irin nau’in dankalin turawa da ke fama da matsalar fari. girma a gonaki, ya rage guda - ya gaya Alexander Vasiliev, Babban mai bincike na Cibiyar Bincike ta Kudancin Ural na Noma da Noman Dankali, - tare da neman fariresistant dankali da aka yafi tuntube mu da wakilan gida filaye. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa matakin samar da dankalin turawa a cikin gidajen jama'ar yankin Chelyabinsk ya yi yawa kuma baya baya baya da matakin gonakin manoma, kodayake ana amfani da fasahohi daban-daban.noma gies.
Ana buƙatar nau'ikan da ke da haƙƙin fari a cikin Kudancin Urals a yanzu, amma yana da matukar wahala a shirya shirye-shirye na gaba. Idan aka yi la'akari da saurin sauyin yanayi, ba za mu iya ware yiwuwar cewa a cikin shekaru 5-10 ba za a yi tunanin noma dankali a yankinmu ba. ba tare da ban ruwa ba".
Meteor
Evgeny Simakov ya ɗauka cewa sha'awar masu sana'ar noma a cikin manyan yankuna masu noman dankalin turawa na Rasha a cikin nau'ikan da ke jure fari za su girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
«Idan yanayin yanayi a cikin bel ɗin da ba na chernozem ba, inda samar da ban ruwa ga gonakin amfanin gona har zuwa kwanan nan bai kasance mai wahala ba, ya ci gaba da canzawa zuwa ɗumamar yanayi, kuma fari ya zama ruwan dare na yau da kullun, masu samar da noma za a tilasta musu canja wurin mafi yawan amfanin gona zuwa ban ruwa, amma ba zai zama da sauƙi a aiwatar da ayyukan ban ruwa a babban sikeli ba saboda ba a sami ruwa mai yawa ba. - inji masanin. Bugu da ƙari, kar a manta game da farashin, ba kowane manomi ba ne zai iya siyan irin waɗannan kayan aiki..
Dole ne mu yi aiki da gaske tare da zaɓin nau'ikan dankalin turawa masu jure fari, amma dole ne mu fahimci cewa wannan tsari yana da tsayi sosai. Kuma wajibi ne a san cewa ci gaban sifa ɗaya, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana cutar da wasu.".
Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. Tulaykova, reshe na SamRC RAS, godiya ga ma'aikatan Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli na Volga Basin RAS don taimakonsu wajen gudanar da binciken "Kimanin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in dankalin turawa don jure wa biotic da abubuwan damuwa na abiotic a cikin yanayin yankin tsakiyar Volga": O.A. Rozentsvet, E.S. Bogdanov, V.N. Nesterov.