A farkon watan Yuni, a yawancin yankuna na Russia, an riga an kammala dasa shuki da dankalin turawa. Akwai lokacin da za a bincika: wane nau'in tsaba ne gonakin gida ke dogara da yadda hakan zai iya shafar girbin nan gaba.
Me muke shukawa?
A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona na Tarayyar Rasha, ƙungiyoyin aikin gona na gida da manoma suna yin noman dankali a shekara a kan yanki mai girman hekta dubu 300. Dangane da haka, ana amfani da akalla ton dubu 900 na shuka don shuka a cikin masana'antu. Me za a iya cewa game da ingancin wannan kayan ƙwayar? Dangane da bayanan hukuma, ba yawa.
Kamar yadda babban darakta na Kungiyar Dankalin Alexei Krasilnikov ya lura, kason zaki (kimanin kashi 95%) na takaddar shaidar kuri'a yau ana aiwatar da shi ne daga Hukumar Kula da Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr" (kimanin 5% - "Rosselkhoznadzor"). A lokaci guda, bisa ga ƙididdigar Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha, yawancin kwangilolin da wannan ƙungiya ta kammala tare da masu samar da iri sune kwangila ne don neman filin. Dangane da bukatar masu noman iri, kwararru na Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha suna gudanar da binciken filayen shuka iri domin tantance tsabtarta iri-iri, ciyawar, cututtukan cuta da lalacewar kwari.
Wato, ana iya kimanta zuriyar iri kafin girbi. Sashen yana karɓar applicationsan aikace-aikace kaɗan don ba da takardar shaida na dankali iri (bisa ga 2017, an ba da takaddun mai cikawa don tsaba har zuwa tan dubu 100). Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa kasancewar takardar shaidar yin aiki da keɓaɓɓiyar ƙwayar tsaba ba ta ba da tabbaci ga mai siyarwa. A cewar Alexei Krasilnikov, a Rasha, yawancin lokuta ana bayar da takaddun shaida ne ba don superelite ba, amma don dankali na biyu har ma da na uku, wanda ba zai iya tasiri ba daga baya. Don kwatantawa, a cikin ƙasashen Turai, an haramta dankali na haifuwa ta uku don namo.
Gabaɗaya, kamar yadda babban jami'in zartarwa na Dankali ta Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha ya nanata, rabon tabbataccen kayan iri a yau ba ya wuce 10-15% na yawan dankali da masu samarwa ke amfani da shi don shuka.
Bambance-bambancen da ke cikin Manyan Shugabanni Goma: Baƙi & Gida
Dangane da kididdigar kungiyar Dankali ta Tarayyar Rasha, kashi 70-80% na ingantaccen iri shine dankali na iri iri. Aƙalla daidai wannan rabo ana cikin aikin rarar kayayyakin masarufi. A cikin manyan goma a halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu kawai na zaɓin Rasha: Nevsky da Luck. Kuma duka biyun sanannu ne ga masu noman dankalin turawa akalla shekaru 20.
Me yasa masana'antun sunyi amfani da irin wannan iyakantaccen iri iri kuma galibi suna zaɓar nasarorin da aka shigo dasu?
Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa manoman dankalin turawa suna da zaɓi. Rashancin "Rarraba ofasar nasarorin da Aka Amince Don Amfani" ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 435, yawancinsu na gida ne. A cewar shugaban cibiyar kiwo ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Duk-Rasha ta Noman Dankali. Lorkha Evgeniy Simakov, babu wani abin da ya dace da kasancewar ire-iren kasashen waje a kasuwarmu.
Russia yakamata suyi amfani da mafi kyawun nasarorin zaɓin duniya. Amma ire-iren cikin gida suna buƙatar ɗaukar manyan mukamai a cikin filayen Rasha don haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasar da wadatar abinci. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda masanin kimiyya ya gamsu, nau'ikan Rasha na zamani dangane da manyan sigogi (yawan amfanin ƙasa, daidaitawa da halayen mabukaci na tubers) ba su ƙasa da shahararrun ƙasashen waje ba.
Gaskiya ne, da nisa daga dukkanin masu samar da kayan aikin gona suna shirye su karɓi wannan gaskiyar a matsayin tsarke.
Wasu daga cikinsu suna da tabbacin cewa ire-iren Rasha a wannan matakin, idan sun sami damar nuna babban sakamako, kawai cikin yanayi mai kyau na makircin gwaji.
Mutane da yawa suna zaɓar nasarorin da ake samu na kiwo daga ƙasashen waje saboda ana amfani dasu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma suna da tabbacin cin nasara (ire-iren suna bayar da tabbacin yawan amfanin ƙasa, dankali suna da kyau bayyanar, sarƙoƙin siyarwa suna shirye su saya). A mafi mahimmancin ɓangarorin gonaki, tallafin agronomic da wakilai na kamfanonin zuriyar baƙi ke ba wa abokan cinikinsu yana da matukar muhimmanci. "Masana sun zo, suna kula da shuka, tsarin noman," in ji Pavel Starchenko, darektan kamfanin Meridian LLC (yankin Chelyabinsk).
- A ganina, wannan gaskiyar ta nuna cewa mai samarda da gaske ne game da martabar kamfaninsa kuma yana kafe don sakamakon. Ba zai bari "ya lalata alama ba".
Yawancin gonaki sun ƙi gwaje-gwajen tare da nau'in Rasha saboda ƙarancin fasaha. Mikhail Gorbunov, babban masanin kimiyyar aikin gona a Dankali a Kurgan, ya lura cewa kamfaninsa na shirin fara aiki tare da nau'ikan gidaje, amma ba wanda zai iya hasashen tsawon lokacin da zasu dade a layin gona. Ga kasuwancin kasuwanci, Sakamakon sakamako ne mai mahimmanci: alamu na yawan aiki, kasuwancin ƙasa.
Amma ko gonar za ta sami damar shuka dankali na Rasha a cikin irin wannan hanyar don buɗe cikakken damar da dama ba a san su ba: babu bayanai kan fasahar fasahar noma. Misali, dole ne a gina tsarin kariya na shuka, ba tare da sanin yadda suke da tsayayya ba ga sakamakon cututtukan dabbobi. Game da wannan, yin aiki tare da kayan ƙasar waje yana da sauƙin sauƙaƙe: mai ƙira koyaushe yana nuna wannan bayanin a cikin bayanin nau'ikan, ta haka yana kawar da haɗarin da ba dole ba.
Akwai wasu dalilai na haƙiƙa waɗanda ke hana haɓakar shahararrun nau'ikan gida a cikin ƙasar. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine rashin talla da kuma rashin kayan shuka.
Yevgeny Simakov ya lura cewa tun 2000, kasuwannin dankalin Turawa ya rigaya an rigaya an ninka nau'ikan nau'ikan tsaba na zaɓin kasashen waje, yayin da saitin tsaba na cikin gida bai canza ba. Don haɓaka nasarorin Rasha, yana da mahimmanci don samar da manyan ɗimbin ilimi, waɗanda ba za a iya shirya kawai ta hanyar cibiyoyin ilimin kimiyya ba.
A yau, masanan kimiyya kansu suna ƙoƙarin canza yanayin ta hanyar adadin nau'in gida da na waje a kasuwa. Don haka, wannan shekara a bikin "Dankali" a Cheboksary, wakilin Cibiyar Binciken Lorch All-Russian na Dankali Farm ya gayyaci masu samarwa da ke son su gwada irin sabbin nau'ikan gida.
Wadanda ke da sha'awar an same su a yankuna da yawa na Rasha, daga cikinsu akwai 'yan Republican na Chuvashia da Bashkiria; Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kaluga, Tyumen, Astrakhan, Belgorod yankuna; Sarshen Krasnoyarsk da sauransu Wataƙila a cikin kakar wasa mai zuwa wannan jerin za su faɗaɗa kuma matsalar za ta ci gaba.
POTATO NA BELARUSIAN ZAZZAU
A 2017, an shigo da tan 5 na dankalin turawa zuwa Rasha daga Jamhuriyar Belarus - kadan kaɗan daga Netherlands. Sha'awar masu kera Rasha a cikin nau'ikan zaɓi na Belarusiya abu ne mai ma'ana: bayan an yi amfani da 'ya'ya biyu, amma ba a samu nasarar lokacin sosai ba, ba kowa ke iya siyan iri daga ƙasashen waje masu nisa ba.
Menene sauran fa'idodin nasarorin zabin Belarusiya?
A cewar Aleksandr Kuznetsov, babban jami'in zartarwa na Ustyuzhensky Dankali SPSCK, nau'ikan Belorus suna tsayayya da ƙwayoyin cuta (ciki har da kwayar Y) kuma, ba haka ba sosai, idan aka kwatanta da nau'in kasashen waje, rage yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin dasa shuki na uku da na huɗu haifuwa.
Alexander Kuznetsov ya lura cewa wasu nau'ikan Belarusiya (Breeze, Manifesto, Lel, Palace, da dai sauransu) sun tabbatar da kansu a kan ƙasar Rasha kuma suna cikin buƙatu daga abokan ciniki daga yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar. Wataƙila nan gaba kadan za a sami ire-iren waɗannan nau'ikan, masu alkawarin sababbin samfurori suna bayyana kowace shekara. Kodayake kafin yin kwafin su a duk faɗin ƙasar, dole ne a gwada kowane nau'in shekaru biyu zuwa uku a cikin yanayin Rasha. A wannan lokacin, zai iya nuna abubuwan da ba shayarwa daga shayarwa ba.
Amma babban matsalar da ke hana waɗannan nau'o'in samun tushe a cikin Rasha shine rashin ingantaccen tushen tushen kayan haifuwa. Yawancin masu noman noma suna sayan iri ba daga cibiyoyin bincike ba, amma daga gonaki masu zaman kansu, kuma sakamakon ba koyaushe yake biyan fata ba. Don haka, suna iri-iri ya lalace sosai.
Koyaya, wannan matsalar ba ta keɓance da ƙwayoyin Belarusian ba.
SARKIN MAGANAR INGANCIN TARI
A ina masu samar da dankalin Turawa na Rasha suke samun iri?
Yawancin manyan kayan aikin gona da yawancin matsakaitan matsakaitan masana'antu sun kasance abokan ciniki na kamfanonin zuriyar waje da ofisoshin wakilcin Rasha na shekaru da yawa. Smallan ƙaramin nau'in nau'in kayan haɓaka ana samarwa zuwa kasuwa ta hanyar ƙungiyar kwararrun masana kimiyya.
Dangane da VNIIKH su. Lorha, a halin yanzu a Rasha na ci gaba da samar da dankalin iri na asali na cibiyoyin kimiyya 12. Jimlar yawan kayan asali na asali wanda aka samar da su a cikin nau'in super-super-Elite (galibi nau'ikan gida) ya bambanta tsakanin tan 3-3,5 dubu a shekara.
Hakanan gonakin iri suna shiga cikin siyar da kayan iri, gami da kamfanoni 156 (kamar yadda Janairu 1, 2018) waɗanda suka ƙaddamar da tsarin ba da takardar shaida na son rai na Cibiyar Harkokin Noma na Rasha don Potanyen Dankali kuma an haɗa su a cikin Rijistar.
Abin sha'awa, ba dukansu a zahiri suna samar da dankali iri ba, a kowane hali, bokan. A cewar kungiyar Dankali, wacce tayi nazarin bayanai kan takaddun shaida na wajabcin da Cibiyar Noma ta bayar a cikin shekarar daga 2014 zuwa 2017, gonaki iri 60 daga Rijistar tsawon wannan lokacin ba su sami takardar shedar dankali daya ba. A lokaci guda, gonaki 27 da ba a haɗa su a cikin Rijistar sun ba da takaddun shaida 495 ba a cikin shekarun guda.
Wannan ba shine farkon shekarar da masana masana'antu ke cewa kasuwannin dankalin Turawa a Rasha ya rage sosai “launin toka” ba: ana adana yawan ire-iren tsaba ba tare da takaddun sayarwa ba, kuma ana bukatar irin wannan kayan na iri. Ana sayi tsaba ba tare da takaddun shaida ba, alal misali, daga masu samarwa na dankali mai kasuwa da wuri daga yankunan kudanci.
Kodayake masana'antun aikin gona, waɗanda ke fuskantar aikin samun amfanin gona mai inganci da adana shi na dogon lokaci, suna da alaƙa da batun sayen iri tare da babbar kulawa.
"An kasance ana sayan makafi, yanzu koyar da haushi suka koyar, - ya bayyana darektan LLC "Meridian" Pavel Starchenko. - Mun zaɓi abin da aka tabbatar, muna nazarin bayanan game da rukunin akan gidan yanar gizon Rosselkhoznadzor, kuma muna tura ƙwararrun masanan mu zuwa mai siyarwa don su kasance a lokacin babban. Lokacin da kuka saka kuɗin ku a cikin samarwa, kowane ruble yana da ƙima. "
Amma ga wasu masu amfani, wadatar da takaddun shaida ba koyaushe ya zama tushen isa don siye ba.
Cif Agronomist na Dankali CJSC Mikhail Gorbunov Bayanin ya nuna cewa zabar mai dankali iri don noma, ya fara jawo hankalin kusancin mai siyarwar zuriya ga mai farawa. Amma sayan iri daga kananan masanan gonaki da aka sani a kasuwa, wanda ya bude dakunan gwajin kayansu, yana da matukar taka tsantsan. Dangane da abubuwan lura da shi, akwai kwararru ba su da yawa a cikin wannan masana'antu a Rasha, saboda haka akwai lokuta da yawa yayin da kayan da aka samo ta hanyar yaduwar microclonal, kodayake baya ɗaukar nauyin hoto, yana asarar wasu kaddarorin iri-iri.
FASAHA TARIHI
Me ake buƙatar yi don samar da kasuwar dankalin Turawa a Rasha ya zama mafi ma'ana, wayewa?
Yawancin masu noman zuriya sun tattauna da editocin lokacin da suke rubuta wannan kayan ganin hanyar fita ta tsaurara matakan samar da kayayyaki da tantance ingancin kayan iri.
An yi jawabai masu mahimmanci game da sabon daidaitaccen GOST 33996-2016 “Dankali. Yanayin fasaha da hanyoyi don ƙaddara inganci ”, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018.
A ciki, a cewar wasu masana, halatta dabi'un don alamomin kamuwa da shuka tare da kwayar cuta ta kwayan cuta da kwayar cuta har yanzu ana yin ta.
Sabon GOST don irin dankali ya ba mai shuka iri ƙarin dama don kuskure. Mun zama marasa ƙarancin buƙata a kan ingancin iri na Rashanci. Wannan mummunan abu ne ga mabukaci, masana sun ce.
Da yawa suna ba da shawarar gabatar da takaddun shaida na kayan iri.
“Ina yin takardar shaida ce ta irin abin da ke wajaba a maimakon son rai, - - in ji babban darektan Ustyuzhensky Dankali SSSK Alexander Kuznetsov. - Sabunta iri abu ne mai matukar tsada ga gonar, kuma dole ne mu rage haɗarin sayayya ta hanyar fatattakar furodusoshi marasa gaskiya daga kasuwa. "
Wannan mahangar tana da goyan bayan shugaban cibiyar kiwo na Cibiyar Nazarin Dankalin Turawa ta Lorkh All-Rasha na Yevgeny Simakov. A ra'ayinsa, takaddar tabbatar da tilas ta dankalin turawa, a daya bangaren, za ta kara kaso na iri mai inganci a kasuwar dankalin, a daya bangaren, hakan zai tabbatar da rarraba makasudin hada-hadar kudade don sayan ta daga masu samar da kayayyaki.
Zai yi wuya a iya hasashen ko hukumomi sun yarda da waɗannan lamuran. Amma a bayyane yake cewa kasuwar dankalin iri na da bukatar canje-canje, kuma za ta dogara ne kacokan a kan su game da masu samar da dankalin Turawa na Rasha za su iya haɓaka samfurin da suka dace da karuwar kasuwancin da ake buƙata na ingancin samfurin da tarin tarin.