Yankin Saratov yana cikin kudu maso gabashin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, a arewacin yankin na ƙananan yankin Volga. Daga yamma zuwa gabas, yankin zai kai tsawon kilomita 575, daga arewa zuwa kudu - na tsawon kilomita 330.
Yawan mutanen yankin a cewar Kwamatin isticsididdigar Jiha na Rasha mutane 2 ne. (496). Yankin mutanen karkara shine 552%. Yankin Saratov a al'adance yanki ne na noma. Dangane da yawan kayan amfanin gona da aka samar, yankin ya zama na 2014 tsakanin yankunan Rasha.
Jimlar ƙasar noma (a kan dukkan nau'ikan ƙasa) ya kai kadada dubu 8417,6. Rabon gonaki a yankin da aka shuka shine 45%.
Iklima a cikin yankin matsakaiciyar nahiya ce: dogon lokacin rani mai ɗumi, ƙayyadaddun kwanaki masu yanayin zafi sama da 30 ° C. Lokacin hunturu yayi sanyi, bazara gajere ne. Kaka ba ta bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Tsayayyen murfin dusar ƙanƙara ya wanzu a cikin yankunan arewa kafin 25 ga Nuwamba, kuma a cikin yankin tsakiya da kudanci - daga Nuwamba 29 zuwa 8 ga Disamba.
Masana'antar dankalin turawa a cikin mahimmancinsa ana ɗaukar ɗayan mafi mahimman kayan aikin gona na yankin Volga. Soilasa da yanayin yanayin yankin Saratov sun fi dacewa da narkar da dankali, wanda ke ƙayyade mahimmancin tattalin arzikinta a yankin. A lokaci guda, manyan canje-canje sun faru a cikin dankalin turawa girma a yankin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Amfani da fasahar makamashi mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin kuzari ya sanya samar da dankalin turawa ya fi tsada. Sakamakon wannan, yankin da aka noma a karkashin dankali da ƙarancin samarwarsa sun ragu sosai a ɓangaren jama'a. Don haka, rabon masana'antar noma da K (F) X a cikin samar da dankali a yankin Saratov ya ragu daga 22% a 1990 zuwa 5% a 2012.
Halin da ake ciki yanzu ya cutar da tsayayyen dankali ga mazaunan birni, musamman a lokacin hunturu-lokacin bazara, wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewa a cikin ingancin samfuran, ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar gasa da dankali na gida idan aka kwatanta da samfura daga Penza, Tambov, Voronezh yankuna da sauran yankuna na kusa da Rasha, har ma daga kasashen waje. .
Abubuwan haɓaka
Duk da matsaloli na ƙoshin gaske, waɗannan dalilai masu zuwa suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban samar da dankalin turawa a yankin:
- al'adar gargajiya mai ɗorewa da ɗorewa ta yawan jama'a;
- yanayi mai kyau da yanayi a mafi yawan yankin;
- yawan haihuwa na kasar chernozem a cikin Bankin Dama, sassan arewa da tsakiyar Bankin Hagu, inda zai yuwu a shirya tsayayyen samar da dankali mai ban ruwa;
- bunkasa harkokin sufuri da kayayyakin more rayuwa;
- samuwar haɗin kai don tallafin kimiyyar masana'antar daga Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Dankalin Rasha (VNIIKH, Yankin Moscow), Saratov GAU mai suna N.I. Vavilov ", Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kudu maso Gabas da Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Penza;
- aiwatar da manyan ayyukan saka jari don ci gaban samarwa da inganta tsarin adana dankalin turawa (a cikin watan Oktoban 2012, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin Malino, wanda ke tsunduma kan ci gaban fasahohin zamani na bunkasa dankalin turawa a yankuna da yawa na Rasha);
- ingantattun matakan tallafi na jihohi ga masu samar da dankalin turawa daga kasafin kudin yankin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a cikin kamfanonin noma da K (F) X, an sami ci gaba mai mahimmancin amfanin dankalin turawa idan aka kwatanta da gonakin gida (tebur). Koyaya, yankin da aka shuka ba shi da girma - a cikin 2012, a cikin masana'antun noma na yankin, an shuka dankali a yanki mai girman hekta dubu 0,5 kuma a cikin K (F) X - a kadada dubu 0,7. A cikin gonaki biyar kawai yankin da aka shuka dankali ya fi kadada 50 (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC, gundumar Krasnokutsk, gonar Rubin a gundumar Bazarno-Karabulaksky, VIT LLC, gonar PY Shherenko da gonar M.P. Kryuchkova) . "Yankin Engels). A cikin 2013, sama da manya, matsakaita da ƙananan masu kera noma 35 suka tsunduma cikin noman dankalin turawa a cikin yankin Saratov. A lokaci guda, tuni a gonaki takwas, yankin dankali ya wuce hekta 50.
Furtherarin ci gaba da haɓaka dankalin turawa yakamata a samar da wadatar alumman yankin da wadatattun kayayyaki, musamman a lokacin sanyi da damuna. Amfani da dankali a wannan lokacin, dangane da ka'idodin aikin likita (95 kilogiram a kowace shekara), na iya wuce tan dubu 60,0. Daga 10 zuwa 20 dubu tan dankali ana shigo da su kowace shekara zuwa yankin, muhimmin sashi wanda za'a iya samarwa a gonakin dankalin turawa na yankin. Matsayi daidai da mahimmancin ci gaban dankalin Turawa a cikin yankin ya kamata ya zama ƙungiyar tsari don adanawa, sarrafawa da sayarwa.
Batutuwa na Adanawa
A cikin yanayin kasuwa na zamani, yana da mahimmanci ba wai kawai don samar da dankali mai inganci ba, har ma don adana su har zuwa sabon amfanin gona, ba samfurin samfurin bayyanar kasuwa, samar da manyan bature don tabbatar da isar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙungiyoyi da kuma masu siyar da kayayyaki. Za'a iya yin wannan ta hanyar tsarin ajiya da sarrafa tsari.
A halin yanzu, babu isassun wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa na musamman a yankin da ke da kayan aikin inji, iska mai aiki da tsarin kula da yanayi. Ana adana dankalin turawa a cikin shagunan kayan lambu ko kuma ɗakunan ajiya na zamani. Mafi girman wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa na zamani suna cikin "Shherenko P.Yu." da KFH "Kryuchkova M.P." Gundumar Engels.
Masu samar da Dankali suna da tan dubu 10 na kayan adana dankalin kai tsaye. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa ba a rarraba wuraren ajiya ba tare da daidaituwa tsakanin masu samarwa: 12 cikin manyan 35, masu matsakaici da ƙananan masana'antar dankalin turawa suna da su.
A bayyane yake cewa wuraren ajiyar kayan aiki na yanzu basu isa ba don yawan noman dankalin da aka shirya. Irƙirar sabbin ɗakunan ajiya ya kange ta da tsadar aikin ginin su. Kudin kashewa na ajiyar dankalin turawa tare da nauyin tan dubu 1,5-2 ya kai miliyan 11-12, tare da ƙimar tan dubu 3-3,5 - tan miliyan 22-23.
Babu masana'antar sarrafa dankalin turawa a cikin wannan yanki wanda zai iya taimaka wa masu samar da kayan aikin gona tare da ingantaccen siyarwar kayayyaki, kamar yadda yake a cikin Netherlands, Jamus, Denmark, Faransa, Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.
Tallafin jihar
Don bunkasa dankalin dankalin turawa a cikin yankin a cikin 2013, an kirkiro wani shirin manufa "asingara yawan samar da dankalin turawa a yankin Saratov na 2013-2015". Aiwatar da shirin yana samar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin yankin da aka shuka na dankali da aka horar bisa tushen fasahar zamani da hanyoyin fasaha, haɓaka haɓaka kayan masarufi da samar da kayan dankalin turawa, samuwar sabon kayan aiki da fasahar fasaha a gonakin dankalin turawa, da ƙirƙirar ƙarin ayyukan yi.
A cikin 2013-2015, Gwamnatin Yankin Saratov na shirin taimakawa kungiyoyin aikin gona da K (F) X da ke aikin samar da dankalin turawa wajen sayen injuna da kayayyakin aiki, iri da takin karkashin kasa, wanda zai tabbatar da karuwar dimbin amfanin dankali nan da shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da 2012 da 2013 shekaru ta hanyar 1,9 da 1,5, bi da bi.
Aiwatar da wani saiti na matakan tallafi na jihar don noman dankalin turawa a kasafin kudin yankin na Saratov zai ba da gudummawa ga kara jawo hannun jarin wannan masana'antu ga masana'antar noma da K (F) X.
1. Gudanar da rarraba dankali mai inganci a cikin yankin ta hanyar amfani, inganta rarraba iri da kuma tsara iri.
An shirya shi don bunkasa noman dankalin Turawa na masana'antu a Bogara a cikin Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburasky, Lysogorsky da sauran bangarorin Bankin Dama. A cikin bankin hagu na hagu, za a keɓe filayen gonaki na Engels, Sovetsk, Krasnokutsk, Marx da sauran wurare don noman dankalin Turawa.
Mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa kuma sun dace da ƙasa da yanayin damina na yankin sune nau'in dankalin turawa na musamman da keɓaɓɓe waɗanda createdanyun gida na VNIIKH da Penza NIIISH suka kirkira don yankin Volga.
A lokaci guda, don tsawaita sharuɗɗan amfani, ana ba da shawarar shuka nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na balaga - iri iri na farkon amfani da bazara; tsakiyar kakar - don kaka; marigayi-ripening - don amfani a cikin hunturu da farkon bazara.
2. Kungiyar samarda fitattun zuriya a cikin yankin.
Za'a ci gaba da samarda dankali mai kyau a kungiyoyin noma na microzone na arewacin, inda babu yiwuwar gurbatar da amfanin gona tare da cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri kuma ana amfani da fasahar ci gaba ta samar da iri (dasa rani, ciyawar iri daban-daban, tsarin kariyar tsire-tsire, da sauransu). Masana daga VNIIKH da Jami'ar Agrarian ta Jihar Saratov za su ba da goyan baya ga tallafin kimiyya na samar da ingantattun iri. Don ci gaban samar da iri na shiyya, ya zama dole, da farko, don ƙirƙirar yanayi don siyar da iri na irin dankalin turawa na masu kiwo na cikin gida.
3. Gabatar da sabbin dabarun bada kayan masarufi na zamani don bunkasa dankali.
Babban mahimmin a yayin aiwatar da Shirin shine gabatarwar fasahar zamani don tsiro dankali wanda ya danganci ilmin ilmin halitta da kuma kiyaye albarkatu. Duk abubuwan da aka gabatar dasu yakamata a bambance su akan dogaro da yanayin yanayin kananan microzones na yankin da kayan kayan fasaha da na gonaki.
Fasahar kere-kere ta samar da noman ciyawa mai daddawa da takin kore, amfani da kayan halittu don maganin tubers da dankalin turawa (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rhizoagrin, flavobacterin, da sauransu), wanda ke ba da damar rage amfani da ma'adinai da takin gargajiya yayin adana daidaituwar kwayoyin halitta da takin ƙasa. Yin amfani da shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu don kare tsire-tsire (boverin, trichogramma, da sauransu) zai rage farashin magungunan ƙwari da tabbatar da samar da kayayyakin da ba su da lahani. Don rage tasirin damuwa na fari a yankinmu, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman game da maganin damuwa.
4. M sabbin masana'antu na dankalin turawa.
Don gudanar da dankalin dankalin turawa na zamani a yankin, ana shirin ba da damar samar da kayan gona na masu samar da kayan gona tare da injin-makamashi mai amfani da makamashi da kayan masarufi don samarwa, rarrabawa da adana tubers, yin la’akari da halaye iri daban-daban na gudanarwa. Babban ka'idodi don zaɓar kayan aiki: aminci, ɗorewa, wadata tare da kayayyakin kayayyakin aiki da wadatar aikin sabis na garanti.
5. inara yawan wuraren da dankalin turawa ke ba da ruwa ta hanyar maido da wadatattun wuraren da ake da su.
Shuka dankali a lokacin ban ruwa ba kawai zai iya rage haɗarin yanayi ba, har ma yana iya ƙara haɓakar tattalin arzikin da ake samarwa. Abubuwan da aka shigo da su daga wuraren da aka yi ruwa a karkashin dankali ya ninka biyu daga wurare masu kama da ban da ban ruwa, kuma yawan aiki, wadatar amfani da kayan da kayan aikin fasaha, gami da takin zamani, yana ƙaruwa sau uku zuwa biyar.
Tare da yaduwar zamani na injunan ban ruwa na yanzu "Fregat" da "Volzhanka" a yankuna da kasa mai haske da matsakaiciyar kayyakin granulometric, an tsara shi don kara himma canzawa zuwa tsarin ban ruwa na tanadin albarkatun zamani - injunan ban ruwa mai nau'ikan girma, mai kyau da kuma ban ruwa.
6. Sake sake gina tsohuwar da kuma gina sabbin dankalin turawa.
Don samar da dankali na shekara-shekara ga yawan yankin Saratov, an ba da shawarar cewa dankalin dankalin turawa na zamani tare da damar akalla tan dubu 40 na digo, sanye take da sararin iska, sarrafa yanayi da kuma kera abubuwa da saukar da kaya, ana gina su. Manyan dankalin turawa, zasu kirkiri masana'antu don na farko (kayan da aka gama ƙare da su) da zurfi (barasa, sitaci, ƙuƙwalwa, faranti, da sauransu) sarrafa dankalin turawa.
7. Kirkirar cibiyoyin sarrafa kaya domin adanawa, sarrafawa da kuma sayar da dankalin turawa masu noman gida.
Ofungiyar cibiyoyin dabaru za ta ƙara haɓaka dankali ta hannun masu noma a cikin gida.
8. Target kwangilar horar da kwararru.
Getungiyar horar da ƙwararrakin da aka ƙaddara don kwararrun dankalin turawa, Jami'ar Saratov State Agrarian za su gudana. Wataƙila horar da rukuni na musamman na masters ta fuskar "Dankali".
9. Cigaba da horar da kwararru na kungiyoyin noma da shugabannin K (F) X da ke aikin samar da dankalin turawa.
Shirin ya samar da horarwa na shekara-shekara na masu noman dankalin turawa a cikin darussan da aka shirya a cibiyar horar da Ma’aikatar Kasafin Kuxi na Gwamnatin Tarayya na Manyan Professionalwararrun Masana'antu “Jami'ar Saratov ta Agrarian na Jami'a mai suna N.I. Vavilova "tare da ICS na yanki.
A cikin lokacin dankalin dankalin turawa, ana shirin gudanar da jerin tarurrukan karantu na kimiyya da na aiki kan mahimmancin gonakin dankalin turawa a yankin, da nufin horo da musayar kwarewa tsakanin mahalarta a cikin abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin tsarin bikin shekara-shekara na nuna-zanga-zangar "Ranar Field", shugabanni da kwararru na masana'antar dankalin turawa za su fara sanin sabbin misalan injunan aikin gona da kayan abinci da kuma irin nau'in dankalin turawa.