Sergey Banadysev, Likita na Kimiyyar aikin gona, Doka Genetic Technologies LLC
Juyawar amfanin gona yana da mahimmanci don rage matsalolin da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya haifar a cikin ƙasa, amma ba zai iya cire su gaba ɗaya ba har bayan hiatus na shekaru 8 tare da dawo da dankali zuwa takamaiman filin. Yin amfani da taki kore yana da cikakken sakamako mai kyau kan tsarin noma. Kayan aiki na biofumigation a lokaci guda inganta ingantawar gaba ɗaya.
Effectivearfafa aikinsa a cikin ɗan gajeren jujjuyawar amfanin gona hanya ce ta noma ta tattalin arziƙi don nasarar ingantaccen dankali mai inganci
Kirkin dankali na masana'antu yana da alaƙa da nome mai yawa, wucewar kayan aiki da yawa ta cikin filayen da kuma dogon lokacin ƙasar da ba a gano ta ba. Sakamakon wannan shi ne feshin ƙwayoyin ƙasa, ƙaranciya, lalata tsarin halittar ƙasa, haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta. A lokaci guda, kada mu manta da cewa adadin ragowar tsire-tsire da dankali ya bari ba shi da kaɗan, yawan humus bayan dankali yana raguwa. A cikin ƙasa, akan ragowar tsire-tsire, yawancin cututtuka da kwari na dankalin turawa sun daɗe na dogon lokaci, ƙaruwar kamuwa da filayen tare da ciyawar da ke jure faruwa. Wasu albarkatu masu juyawa suna raba kwari da dankali. Idan aka takaita, ana iya lura da cewa raguwar tsawon lokacin juyawar amfanin gona a gonakin da ya kware a noman dankalin turawa yana haifar da tabarbarewar yanayin kasa don samuwar amfanin gona, kuma tare da gajeruwar juyawa, farashin takin zamani, ruwa da magungunan kashe qwari na iya zama mafi girma, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa - ƙananan.
Kayan hatsi na shekara-shekara (alkama, hatsin rai, sha'ir, hatsi, triticale, masara, hatsin rai) ba su da matsalolin phytopathogenic na yau da kullun tare da dankali.
Soya da rapeseed suna iya kamuwa da cutar rhizoctonia da farin daskararre. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire da weedy suna fama da verticillosis. Nematodes da kwari suna da madadin runduna kuma suna adana yawancin alumma sosai a waɗancan shekarun da ba a shuka dankali. A kan makiyaya, albarkatun gona na Clover da hatsi
ciyawa suna haifar da yanayi mai kyau don yaduwar wireworms, kuma wannan zaɓi na jujjuya amfanin gona ya kamata a lura idan an lura da lalacewar dankali. Waɗannan misalai ne na ware, kuma a gabaɗayan matsalolin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa suna da hanyoyi daban-daban, galibi kannce hanyoyin da zasu iya shawo kansu ta amfani da juyar amfanin gona (Jadawalin 1).
Babu mafita na duniya, amma sanin ilmin halitta da bambance-bambance na kowane pathogen yana ba mu damar samun zaɓuɓɓuka masu ma'ana don shawo kan takamaiman yanayi da ke tasowa daga babban taro da dankali a cikin sassan da aka shuka.
Shirye-shiryen jujjuyawar amfanin gona mai kyau, magabata da aka zaɓa da kyau suna ba da ƙaruwa a yawan amfanin ƙasa, haɓaka ci gaban kayan gona, sinadarai da ƙarancin ɗabi'a, kiyayewa har ma da haɓakar ƙasa, inganta yanayin amfani da ruwa, raguwar farashin yaƙi da ciyawar, kwari da cututtuka, raguwar buƙatar takin mai ma'adinai, da farko - nitrogen, rarraba kayan ɗumbin ɗumbi a lokacin aikin filin, yiwuwar yaduwar amfani da ƙarancin noma, ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin samar da amfanin gona.
Irin wannan hadadden sakamako yana da sauƙin samu a cikin kayan juji na tsiro na amfanin gona saboda dalilai daban-daban, ba wai hatsi kaɗai ba, har ma da abinci. Mummunar tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziƙin ba ta barin yawancin kamfanoni su juya lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi zuwa aikin noma na amfanin gona na gaba-gaba da na dabbobi.
Ganin wannan muhimmin yanayin, zamuyi la’akari da yuwuwar juyawar amfanin gona mai ɗanɗanawa (bai wuce shekara biyu ba wajen dawo da dankali zuwa filin) don cimma burin da aka lissafa a yanayin fifikon warware matsalolin dankalin turawa.
Ba muna magana ne da haɓaka isasshen ciyawar ƙasa lokacin da muke shuka dankali ba. Sakamakon shekaru da yawa na binciken kimiyya ba tare da wata ma'ana ba yana nuna cewa babu tarin ragowar amfanin gona da tsawon lokaci na ganye ba su isa su kula da yanayin humus akai-akai ba, koda kuwa dankalin turawa ya mamaye filin guda ɗaya kacal a cikin filin shuki takwas. Babu wani abu da za a yi magana game da gajeren juyawa. Amma waɗannan gwaje-gwajen guda ɗaya sun tabbatar da cewa narkar da ciyawar shekara-shekara na ciyawa mai ban tsoro yana ba da mafi kyawun ƙaruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba su da ƙarfi a cikin shekaru masu yawa (Lukin, 2009, Nikonchik P.I., 2012). Don daidaita daidaituwar humus mai rauni, aƙalla 10 t / ha na takin gargajiya dole a shafa a shekara ko kuma adadinsu lokaci-lokaci. Idan kamfanin ba shi da kwayoyin halitta, to, asirin takin zamani yana samar da irin wannan sakamako, i.e. duk biomass na musamman domin wannan noman amfanin gona.
Takin taki shine, da farko, muhimmiyar tushen kwayoyin halitta da abinci mai gina jiki, “taki daga ƙasa mai araha”, wacce ba ta da ƙaranci dangane da darajar taki zuwa taki. Amfanin gona na wake yana cike da ajiyayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa, canza ma'adinin ma'adinin ƙasa da takin zamani zuwa nau'in kwayoyin halitta wanda ke da tsabta ga mahalli. Tsarin kore yana ƙara amfani da ma'adinin ma'adinai, yana hana tara haɗari mai muhalli a cikin ƙasa. Tsarin kore yana ƙara yawan aikin ƙasa na ƙasa, yana inganta yanayin rayuwa don biota ƙasa da rage yanayin ƙasa na phytopathogenic. Rationarfafawa yana rage ƙarancin amfanin gona da ƙasa kuma yana taimakawa rage ƙwayar magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a kan agrocenoses. Ganyen shinkafa yana kara darajar taki da takin zamani da sauran takin zamani.
Bisa manufa, kowane tsire-tsire za a iya turare. Jerin tsire-tsire da aka shuka wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don manyan da kuma tsaka-tsakin albarkatu a cikin fayil na manyan zaɓi da kamfanonin zuriya sun haɗa da abubuwa fiye da 30, farawa daga hatsin hunturu da aka saba da ƙare tare da irin waɗannan kayan tarihi kamar Abisiniya guisotia.
Tebur 2. Biomass na kore taki amfanin gona (Rusakova I.V., 2017)
Akwai ƙoƙari don tabbatar da ka'idar aikin gona har ma da ciyawa (ba kwa buƙatar shuka komai kwata-kwata, kawai ku jira wata biyu daga bazara kuma hakane - an shirya ciyawar ɗanko mai ban sha'awa). Da gaske, kwayar halittar shuke-shuken shuke-shuke tana da darajar gaske; yawan hatsi da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire sun dogara da su. Wannan teburin a fili yana nuna fa'idar koren taki (Table 2).
Babban kimiyan ilimin halittu na amfanin gona da aka girma a cikin juyawa ɗaya na amfanin gona tare da dankali an ƙaddara shi ba kawai da yawa da ingancin kwayoyin halitta ba, har ma da iyawar biomass don samar da phytosanitary, i.e. kyautatawa aiki. Muna magana ne game da kwarewar da aka gano kwanan nan na keɓaɓɓen ƙwayoyin halittun ƙwayoyin cuta na wasu nau'in shuka don hana, dakatar da ka'idodin cututtukan cututtuka, ciyawa da kwari. An fara amfani da kalmar "biofumigation" don bayyana sakamakon jujjuyawar amfanin gona tare da albarkatun giciye da takin zamani na albarkatu na bishiyoyi akan kwari-ƙasa (Matthiessen da Kirkegaard, 2006). Kalmar tana nuna yiwuwar cimma sakamakon gurɓatar ƙasa ta amfani da tsire-tsire, ba kuma sunadarai ba. An ba da izinin amfani da kayan sarrafa kayan masarufi a cikin Rasha ne kawai don lalata gurbi, hatsi, katako, da sauransu. Kuma a cikin kasashen Turai, Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, ana aiwatar da fumigation na ƙasa a cikin adadi mai yawa, a cikin abin da ake amfani da nau'ikan 400-500 kg / ha na irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen "martani", misali, metam-sodium da chloropicrin, ana amfani da hukuma bisa hukuma.
Zuwa yau, ilimin kimiyar duniya ya tara tarin bayanai game da tasirin tsire-tsire iri-iri a cikin lamuran girman da ingancin amfanin gonar dankalin turawa.
Misali, a Poland, ingantacciyar murkushe nau'ikan nau'ikan nematodes tare da taimakon kore ko kayan fitowar daga marigolds, da wikis na hunturu. Amma galibi galibi ana lura da ingancin wadatar kayan amfanin gona. Rapeseed, mustard, radish suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu aiki da abubuwan da ake kira glucosinolates. A cikin ƙasa, glucosinolates na tushen, mai tushe da ganyen takin gargajiya sun rushe cikin isothiocyanates, waɗanda ke kashe ko kashe wasu cututtuka, ƙanjamau da ciyawa. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, masana kimiyya daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Girka ta Amurka sun gudanar da bincike sama da 70 don nazarin sakamakon juyawa iri-iri kan cututtukan da ke yaduwar ƙasa. Kodayake sakamakon ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma daga filaye zuwa gona, amfanin gona da ke gaba ɗaya rage cututtukan dankalin turawa (irin su rhizoctonia, scab da verticillosis) kuma sun inganta ingantaccen kayan amfanin dankalin turawa. Mafi kyawun sakamako na phytoncide an mallaki ta radish mai, sannan mustard mustard, sannan fari mustard da rapeseed, i.e. Tasirin amfanin gona ya bambanta. A cikin Jamus, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan nau'ikan nematode na radish don rage ƙima da baƙin ciki.
Yellow clover mai dadi (Melilotus officinalis Desr.) Kuma fari (Melilotus albus Desr.) A sami mahadi masu amfani da sinadarai - wadanda a al'adance suke da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, amma ana bambanta iri-iri na shekara-shekara, wanda yake da matukar daraja. Abubuwa masu rai da ma'adinai da aka saki a cikin ƙasa ta cikin ɗanɗano mai ɗauke da amino acid, mahaɗan phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium da sauran sinadarai. Underarƙashin tasirin tushen tsarin mai ɗanɗano, da wuya mahaɗan narkewa su narke a cikin ƙasa, sun rikide sun zama nau'ikan abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda za su iya wadatar da shuke-shuke. Gabatarwar melilot cikin juyawar amfanin gona yana rage yawan ɓarna ƙasa tare da nematodes da wireworms. Dalilin mutuwar kwari da cututtukan cuta shine dicumarin, wani abu mai guba da aka samo daga coumarin yayin bazuwar tushe da amfanin gona na kayan marmari mai zaki. Daban-daban iri-iri na launin rawaya da fari mai ɗanɗano a zahiri ba ya bambanta a cikin coumarin cikin tsire-tsire. Masarar-Sorghum-Sudan da ciyawar Sudan suna da tasiri akan nematodes rootworm. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna sakin durrin cikin ƙasa, wanda ke narkewa cikin cyanide na hydrogen. Lupine na shekara-shekara (alkaloid da fodder) shine babban koren taki mai tsayi don sod-podzolic ƙasa.
Ganyen taki kore na lupine yana sakin alkaloids a cikin ƙasa - abubuwan quinolizidine tare da tasirin bacteriostatic, antiviral da herbicidal. A lokaci guda, alkaloids na iya kara yaduwar kwaya da kuzarin kwaya, yawan amfanin gona daban-daban ta hanyar kara kuzari a cikin tsirrai, rage tarin nitrates, kuma suma suna da tasirin anti-mutagenic. Alkaloids, kamar yadda muka riga muka lura, ana iya amfani dashi azaman wakili masu kariya daga cututtukan tsire-tsire. An nuna cewa suna iya raguwa cikin sauri a cikin mahalli. A cewar Gross R. Wink M., kashi 0,1-2,0% na spartein ne kawai ya rage a cikin ƙasa kwanaki 20 bayan aikace-aikacen. Ayyukan antibacterial da antifungal na alkaloid tsantsa na Lupinus angustifolius shuke-shuke kan daidaitaccen nau'in kwayoyin masu zuwa: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonos aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis da Staphylococcus aureus, da kuma fungi kamar su Candida albicans da C. krusei. Cikakken alkaloid din ya nuna gagarumin aiki akan Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus da Pseudomonos aeruginosa.
Shekaru na gwaje-gwajen samarwa da aka yi a cikin Amurka da Kanada a ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban ƙwararren masanin ilimin dankalin turawa - Farfesa Larkin - sun tabbatar da babbar damar yin amfani da gicciye a cikin juyawar amfanin gona azaman gaba da takin kore don yaƙar cututtukan da ƙasa ke haifarwa. Mafi yawan lokuta, nazarin halittu ta hanyar samar da iskar abinci mai guba ita ce hanyar kawo ci gaba, amma tasirin da ke tsakanin al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ma suna da mahimmanci. Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa fyaɗe an yi girma a matsayin amfanin gona kuma ba duk biomass aka saki cikin ƙasa ba. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa fa'idodi masu fa'ida na wadanda aka yiwa fyade basu da alaka da illolin biofumigation na hade kore biomass, amma kawai sakamakon shuka wani nau'in shuka ne. Haɗin kore na fyade da farin mustard ya ba da babbar raguwa game da abin da ya faru na rhizoctonia fiye da albarkatun mustard tare da matakan glucosinolate mafi girma, yana nuna cewa samfuran biofumigation ba su ne ainihin hanyar aiwatarwa ba. Gabaɗaya, rawar koren taki tana ƙasa da ƙimar juyawar amfanin gona. Systemsarin tsarin shuka iri daban-daban yana haifar da haɓaka a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Juyawar amfanin gona shine babban tushen samuwar cikakken tsarin al'ummomin da ake dasu. Kowane amfanin gona na juyawa yana ba da gudummawa ga samuwar keɓaɓɓun halayen ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana iya shafar tsari da aikin al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ofarin koren taki ba lallai ba ne ya rage yawan ƙwayoyin cuta ko rayuwa, amma yana ƙaruwa da yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Sha'ir da jujjuyawar juzu'i suna da yawaitar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da yawancin juyawa, yayin da ci gaba da dankali (babu juyawa) ya haifar da raguwa mafi girma a cikin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta. Haɗuwa da tsaka-tsakin hatsin lokacin sanyi tare da sakamakon ɓarkewa a cikin raguwar kashi 25-41% a cikin baƙar fata da sikeli na yau da kullun dangane da ci gaba da juyawar amfanin gona dankalin turawa kuma ta hanyar 2137% dangane da daidaitaccen sha'ir / tsire-tsire. Waɗannan binciken sun dace da manufar cewa haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa suna taimakawa wajen kawar da kamuwa da cuta.
Koyaya, sakamakon magabata mafi kyawun magabata ba koyaushe bane ingantacce. Ya juya cewa jan Clover yana da alaƙa da haɓakar rhizoctonia. Misali, alal misali, yana hana baƙin ciki damuwa, amma shine ƙungiyar masu samar da ƙuraje a cikin halittar Trichodorus, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta. Kuma wannan kwayar, bi da bi, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan glandular of tubers. Mustard na iya haifar da tabin gani. Kuma kowane juyawa na amfanin gona yana da nasa iyakoki ko ma kaddarorin mara kyau waɗanda kuke buƙatar sani. Ya dace a bayar da cikakken bincike game da masu bincike a Jamusanci dangane da tasirin tsire-tsire masu ciyawar a kan jinsin nematode da ke faruwa da rikicewar dabi'a (Table 3).
Muna rarrabe albarkatun biofumigation, tsaba wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin babba da tsaka-tsakin albarkatu a kan ƙasa na Federationasar Rasha.
1. ciyawar sudan da masara ta masara, tsohuwar kasar, biofumigator. Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid (SSH) ita ce kanwayar dawa da ciyawar Sudan (Sudanggrass). Dukkan nau'ikan ana amfani dasu da kansu azaman taki kore, amma matasan suna da fa'idar fari da juriya mai sanyi. Shuke-shuke suna gabatar da adadi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa yayin shuka. Waɗannan dogaye, masu saurin girma, na shekara-shekara na thermophilic suna shake ciyawa, suna hana wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma suna kutsawa cikin ƙasa. SSG shine mafi kyawun taki kore bayan girbin amfanin gona jere da legumes, saboda yana cin nitrogen mai yawa. Yana da tsarin tushen m, wanda ke jan kunne na ƙasa, yankan itace yana ƙarfafawa kuma yana rassa tushen ciyawar Sudan sau 5-8. Tsarin kauri ya kai 4 cm a diamita, tsawo - har zuwa mita 3.
Tushen SSG ya ɓoye wani abu na musamman na allelopathic - sorgoleone. A hakikanin gaskiya, maganin kashe ciyawa ne wanda za'a fara fitar dashi tun kwana na biyar bayan farawar ƙwaya. Abubuwa na dawa suna da mummunan sakamako a kan ciyawa-ciyawa, ciyawa-ciyawa, gonar barbara, ciyawar kore-kore, squid, da ragweed. Hakanan yana shafar shuke-shuke da aka noma sosai, don haka ya zama dole a kula da tazara tsakanin nome ciyawar Sudan da dasa shuki. Shuka dawawan Sudan a madadin amfanin gona babbar hanya ce ta rikita tsarin rayuwar cututtuka da yawa, nematodes da sauran kwari. Saboda babbar kwayar halittar ta da kuma tushen ta, sorghum na Sudan ya dawo da hayayyafar kasar da ta daddatse cikin shekara guda. Shine mafi kyawun koren taki don zubar da yumɓu, ƙasa mai laima wacce kayan aiki masu nauyi ke aiki akanta. Za a iya amfani da babban koren hatsi don mulching a wasu filayen, don abinci da silage. Yankan daya a kowane yanayi shine mafi kyau duka. Biomass ya bazu na dogon lokaci, ba shi yiwuwa a bar shi ba tare da huce ba. Danniyar nematodes yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da ake huɗa sabo koren taro wanda bai kai matakin bututu ba. Dawa na da kwarin kansa, wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan matasan basu dace da abincin dabbobi ba, saboda suna dauke da sinadarin hydrocyanic.
2. Crucifer kore taki gamsar da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata na taki kore: suna girma da sauri, suna da wadataccen ruwan ɗimbin ruwa da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kananan Tushen, kashe ciyawar, fungi, wireworms da nematodes, scab. Wasu tsirrai da ke gicciye, alal misali, daikon, suna da tushen da zai iya wucewa ta hanyar huɗa fiye da sauran hanyoyin.
Mustard ya dace don gyara nitrogen da ya rage bayan girbi saboda yana saurin gina ganye. Danniya da kuma kula da ciyawar ta hanyar tsirewar ciyawar kore saboda tsananin ci gaba ne da "rufe dome", ma'ana, ƙwarewar rufe ƙasa. Ba ƙaramar rawa ake takawa ba ta tasirin allelopathic na ragowar ragowar da aka nome a kaka. Mustard da man radish suna tsoma baki tare da haɓaka jakar makiyaya, mari, ciyawar bristle, prutnik, ciyawar makiyaya, squid, da dai sauransu. Za a iya shuka shukoki zuwa ƙwayaya, watau idan sun riga sun kafu, ba shi da daraja shuka a cikin cakuda - tsire-tsire masu gicciye suna kama wasu tsire-tsire kuma suna hana ci gaban su. Amfanin iri - 10-30 kg / ha. Za a iya shigar da ciyawar gishiri mai gicciye a kowane mataki na kakar girma, amma lokaci mafi kyau shine farkon-tsakiyar fure, a wannan lokacin shukar ta kai matuka.
Halittun biomass da aka fara a ƙarshen kaka ya fara sakin nitrogen a farkon bazara, i.e. kawai a lokacin sauka.
Kabejin kabeji na buƙatar ƙarin nitrogen da sulfur; tare da taimakonsu, mahimmancin mai-fungicides da glucosinolate suna haɗuwa. Ma'adinai mai ma'adinai ana amfani dashi daidai a ƙarƙashin ciyawar kore, kamar yadda suke dawo da tarawa a cikin tsari. Suna tara phosphorus sosai, suna sauƙaƙa shi da taimakon tushen ɓoye abubuwa. Dangane da abun da ke cikin carbon da sizirinta, tsire-tsire na bishiyoyi suna mamaye wani matsakaici tsakanin hatsi da kayan kiwo.
Babban matsalar takin koren takin mai hatsari shine haɗarin lalacewa har ma da lalata ɓarnar shuke-shuke da ƙushin tsire-tsire. Kari akan haka, yayin amfani da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, bai kamata a ba da damar tsaba ta girma ba, saboda wannan yana haifar da tarin ciyawar da ba a so don juyawar amfanin gona gaba ɗaya. Kuma ya zama dole a sake jaddada cewa nau'ikan da nau'ikan albarkatun gicciye suna da yawancin bambance-bambancen halitta da fasaha kuma sun yi daidai da daidaito dangane da kaddarorin halittu. Da farko - man radish (nematodoresistant iri), a karo na biyu - rawaya ko Sarepta mustard. Abun takaici, kimiyyar aikin gona ba ta gudanar da kima ba game da kaddarorin fumgiyoyi na nau'ikan gicciye na kiwo na cikin gida, kuma ba a samun iri na musamman na Jamusanci a hukumance, tunda ba sa cikin rajistar Rasha.
3. Kayan marmari mai dadi - na shekara biyu, ƙasa da sau da yawa, tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara tare da tsayi har zuwa 2-2,5 m a cikin al'adun gargajiya tare da matattarar ciyayi, ɗayan amfanin gona mai mahimmanci.
Ba kamar yawancin sauran nau'in ƙwayar ƙwayar dabba ba, tana da filastik filastik kuma tana samar da babban taro mai launin kore. A lokacin namo, ya tara daga kilogiram 100 zuwa 300 na nitrogen a hectare.
Dangane da yawan bazuwar kwayoyin sharan gona, saboda matsakaicin rabo daga carbon da nitrogen (kimanin 20), ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ba shi da kwatankwacin tsakanin legumes. Matsayinta yana da kyau wajen daidaita daidaituwar kwayar halitta, kunna hanyoyin gudanar da ilmin halitta a cikin kasa, wajen inganta kaddarorin kayan gona, kuma musamman kan lamuran kasa da kasa mai laushi. Idan, lokacin da ake yin taki 60 t / ha na taki, ruwa mai yaduwa a ƙasa ya ƙaru da ninki 1,5, to, a lokacin da yake noman tan 20 na koren taro na ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano - sau 2. Magudanar ruwa, aeration, tsari, kayan kimiyyar sinadarai ana inganta su, kuma gabaɗaya sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya ana nome shi. Melilot yana da tsarin tushen zurfafawa mai zurfin gaske, saboda wanda ke da wahalar isa-mahadi na phosphorus, calcium, potassium da sauran abubuwa an canza su zuwa wasu sassan na sama. Wannan ba kawai yana ƙaruwa da abun cikin wadatar abinci ba, amma kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga wasu deoxidation na ƙasa saboda ƙaruwa da aka samu a cikin hadaddun-mamaye ƙasa.
Tururin taki mai tsire-tsire mai narkewa yana inganta abinci, gwamnatocin ruwa da iska kuma yana lalata ƙasa daga ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa saboda ƙaruwar ayyukan microbiological na microflora saprophytic. Matsakaicin gefe na ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗauke da coumarin, wanda ya juye zuwa decumarin yayin ruɓewa, yana rage adadin wireworms, nematodes da corneidae. Bugu da kari, kayan marmari mai daɗi “tarko” ne na ɗakunan fata waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na dankalin turawa. Sabili da haka, koren taki kore daga melilot mai launin rawaya yana da mahimmanci a gonaki da ke ƙwarewa game da samar da dankalin turawa. Don haka, alal misali, LLC "Agrofirma" Slava Potato "yana amfani da makirci mai zuwa: rawaya mai ɗanɗano mai rawaya - alkama na hunturu - dankali - hatsin bazara tare da ɓarkewar shuka ɗanɗano mai daɗi. A lokaci guda, a kan asalin fari, ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano na iya rage rarar danshi a cikin ƙasa. 4. Lupine - rawaya, fari, shudi (kunkuntar-zaki) da sauran nau'ikan shekara-shekara. Lupine mai kunkuntar-leda-daya daga cikin mafi kyawun koren taki na kasa mai yashi da yashi, yana bada 30-40 t / ha na koren taro hade da tan dubu 10 na tushen, wanda ya kai 15-50 t / ha na kwayoyin halitta, wanda bai gaza manyan jinsunan ba dangane da darajar takin zamani taki. Baya ga nitrogen, koren da tushen tushen lupins yana da wadatar phosphorus, potassium, calcium, microelements kuma a cikin irin wannan rabo wanda ya zama dole don ci gaban al'ada da bunƙasa manyan albarkatu. Kuma menene mahimmanci - waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki suna cikin kwayar halittar da aka nome cikin ƙasa.
Sabili da haka, ba a wanke su daga ƙasa ba, kamar yadda yake sau da yawa game da takin mai ma'adinai.
A wuraren da lupine ke girma sosai, ya kamata a fifita a matsayin amfanin gona mai ƙima. A madadin haka, ana iya girbar koren abinci don abinci, kuma ragowar amfanin gona zai zama taki mai mahimmanci. Hakanan ana samun kyakkyawan sakamako lokacin da aka shuka shi a ƙarshen Mayu bayan hatsin rai, yankakke don ciyawar ciyawa. A lokacin faɗuwa, yana samun gagarumin taro, kuma an sare shi a wani babban yanka (15-20 cm) don lalata, kuma ana huda ciyawar a ƙarƙashin dankali. A sakamakon haka, yawan dankali ya karu da 3-5 t / ha. Kamar yadda binciken Novozybkovsk Station Experimental Station ya nuna, dankali yana amfani da nitrogen ne daga ragowar-tushen ragowar lupine wanda ya fi hatsin hunturu da hatsin bazara. Don fumigation, mafi kyawun nau'ikan kunkuntar-lupine, sunan wanda ya ƙunshi kalmomin "siderat, taki kore". Wannan yana nuna haɓakar abubuwan alkaloid. Lupine, tare da ciyawar shekara-shekara, albasa, alfalfa, na daga cikin nau'ikan wakilan humus. A matsayin misali na amfani da lupine, muna ba da juyawar amfanin gona na SPK "Dmitrievy Gory" na yankin Vladimir: 1 - lupine; 2 - hatsin amfanin gona na hunturu; 3 - dankali; 4 - lupine; 5 - dankali.
Tare da fa'idodi, lupins na shekara kuma suna da rashin halayen dangi. Suna tara ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da na renan shekaru, ba zasu iya inganta tsarin ƙasa ba, tunda tushen su ya yi ƙanana. Rashin amfanin gaba na kayan girke-girke na shekara-shekara shi ne jinkirin da suke da shi a farkon lokacin girma da jiji da ƙarancin cuta. Bugu da kari, idan aka kwatanta da sauran siderates, kayan legume suna da matukar tsada a kowace hectare.
Gabaɗaya, aikin phytosanitary na takin gargajiya shine ƙara haɓakar ayyukan ƙasan ƙasa da kuma ci gaban aiki na ƙwayar microprolora saprophytic, ƙuntatar da ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma karin kwari. Lokacin yin huɗa kore kore, ingancin yana ƙaruwa kuma yawan amfanin gonar dankali yana ƙaruwa, asarar ajiya yana raguwa, ɗanɗano samfurin ya inganta. Haɗewar amfani da siderates shine mafi inganci. A cikin Jamus, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gauraya abubuwan haɗin gefuna da yawa da yawa.
Albarkatun albarkatun mafi yawan potatoanyen dankalin Turawa na Russianasar Rasha suna da kyau sosai don haɓakar amfanin gona mai amfanin da amfani da su a matsayin mara gefen.
Bayan an girbe amfanin gona na hunturu da farkon noman bazara, filayen sun kasance babu kowa sama da kwanaki 70, kuma bayan amfanin gona na shekara don ciyawar kore - har zuwa kwanaki 80-90. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, jimlar yanayin yanayin zafi na wannan lokacin shine 800-1000 ° C, ko kuma 30-40% na albarkatun agro-climatic na duk lokacin dumi na shekara. Ana iya horar da Siderata a kowane lokaci kuma a sami girbi biyu, alal misali, hatsin rai na hunturu + radish na mai, ciyawar Sudan, mustard, buckwheat, lupine. Za a bayar da sakamako iri ɗaya ta noman sha'ir don hatsi da takin kore.
Takaitawa: Juyar da amfanin gona yana da mahimmanci don rage matsalolin da ke tattare da tarin kamuwa da cuta a cikin kasar, amma ba zai iya cire su gaba daya. Amfani da taki kore yana da cikakken sakamako mai kyau kan tsarin aikin gona (daɗa kwayoyin halitta, kula da ƙasa, sarrafa sako, inganta tsarin ƙasa, daɗa haɓaka, da haɓaka amfanin gona). Kayan aiki na biofumigation a lokaci guda inganta ingantawar gaba ɗaya. Beenarancin ƙasa da taimakon ingantaccen takin zamani na albarkatun gona, lupine, ciyawar Sudan da Clover an tabbatar da su.
Lusionaddamar da fa'ida mai fa'ida a cikin gajeren amfanin gona shine hanyar aikin gona na tattalin arziki don nasarar noman ingancin dankali. Duk wani al'ada na al'ada na kore yana da nasa mahalli na yau da kullun, fa'idodi da rashin amfani, amma koyaushe zaka iya samun mafita mai amfani. Zaɓin zaɓi mafi kyau duka gefen zaɓi an yi shi ne bisa la'akari da mahimmancin yanayin kasuwancin musamman: ƙasa, sauyin yanayi, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ilimin tattalin arziƙi, da ƙwarewa. Shuka al'adun taki kore dole ne a aiwatar da shi a babban tsari da fasaha, in ba haka ba sakamakon ba zai isa ba ko ma mara kyau.