Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
A cikin ayyukan kasa da kasa, cututtukan dankalin turawa sun haɗa da waɗanda za su iya ci gaba sosai a lokacin girbi bayan girbi, kuma haɓakar su ya dogara da yanayin ajiya: marigayi blight da ruwan hoda rot, anthracnose, ƙwayoyin cuta (zobe, dikea, pectobacterium, tuberous). scab), oosporosis, rauni ruwa (pithy) rot - typium, scab scab, phomosis, fusarium.
Storage cututtuka haifar da babban tattalin arziki lalacewar, kamar yadda suka kara hasara da degrade ingancin tubers da dasa dankali.
Kasuwancin girma don dankalin da aka wanke yana sanya buƙatu masu yawa akan lahani waɗanda ke bayyane akan tubers masu tsabta (scab,
phytophthora, bushe da rigar rot, lalacewar injiniya), don haka bayyanar ƙarin matsaloli tare da ingancin tubers a lokacin ajiya yana da matukar wuya.
Kowace cuta tana da takamaiman siffofi na halitta, yanayin haɓakawa da hanyoyin sarrafawa.
laushi mai laushi A lokacin ajiya yawanci ana haifar da su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na Pectobacterium da Dickeya. Cututtuka masu laushi suna shiga cikin tubers a cikin filin ta hanyar kamuwa da stolons na tsire-tsire na uwa. A cikin ajiya, ƙwayar cuta mai laushi yana da dama kuma yana iya haifar da shi
matsaloli masu tsanani tare da wasu cututtuka.
Halayen waje na lalacewa mai laushi mai laushi: wuraren da suka kamu sun zama duhu (zuwa launin ruwan kasa), tare da ciki
rubutun kwasfa na ruwa.
Nama mai laushi mai laushi na ciki yana da ɗanɗano, mushy ko kirim a cikin rubutu kuma ya ƙunshi fari ko launin toka-launin ruwan kasa.
slime. An zayyana wuraren da abin ya shafa ta bakin iyaka da ke raba su da lafiyayyen nama. Bayan rubewar ta bushe, wuraren da abin ya shafa sun zama fari kamar alli (hoto na 2). Idan kamuwa da cuta ya rufe babban girma na tubers, ƙamshin ammoniya ya bayyana a cikin ajiyar.
Batch na tubers da wannan cuta ya shafa na iya samun ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin halaye masu zuwa: ƙarar ɗakin da alama.
raguwa; wani ruwa mai duhu mai kauri yana fitowa daga kwantena ko iskar iska, ana lura da yawan zafin jiki da / ko wari mara daɗi a cikin ɗakin.
Dalilan ci gaban cutar:
• matsanancin yanayin rigar lokacin girma da girbi;
• rashin kulawar ciyawa (ciyawar ciyawa takan tara wannan kamuwa da cuta);
• tsaba masu kamuwa da cuta (suna kara yiwuwar bunkasa cutar a cikin zuriyar tubers);
• girbi na tubers marasa girma;
• girbi a yanayin zafi sama da 20 ° C;
• Yawan zubar da iska a cikin rumbun ajiya, da kuma kuskuren rufewa;
• sako-sako da danshi a kan tubers (condensation, matalauta iska / samun iska);
• babban adadin ƙasa a cikin tarin tubers;
• wasu cututtuka irin su bushewar ruwa da bushewa.
A babban adadin "bruises" a kan tubers da m rauni waraka kuma taimaka wajen taushi rot kamuwa da cuta.
Sarrafa: bayanan hukuma na yanzu masu tabbatar da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta don
kadan kai tsaye iko na kwayan cuta taushi rot a cikin ajiya. Amma an san, alal misali, ana amfani da streptomycin na roba na roba a cikin ƙasashe masu tsananin zafi da zafi (Indiya, China), da kuma a cikin Amurka.
bushewar bushewa (fusarium) cutar fungal ce ta Fusarium sambucinum da sauran Fusarium spp. Naman gwari yana shiga cikin tubers ta hanyar
raunuka da raunuka da aka yi a lokacin girbi da kulawa. Busassun bayyanar cututtuka yawanci suna bayyana a kusa da raunuka kamar wata guda bayan an adana tubers. Nama mara lafiya ya zama launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa baki a launi. Manya-manyan zobba masu zurfi, masu ma'ana waɗanda ke karye a ƙarƙashin matsin haske na iya haifar da kowane ɓangaren tuber.
Cikakkun bututun da suka ruɓe sun toshe su mummify. Cavities karkashin ruɓaɓɓen wuri yawanci ana lika su da fari, ruwan hoda, ko shuɗi Fusarium mycelium. Tubers na iya zama mai laushi da ɗanɗano idan kuma akwai ruɓa mai laushi. A ciki, wuraren da suka kamu da cutar na tubers sune baki da fari, tare da taro mai banƙyama (hoto 3).
Akwai keɓaɓɓen shingen shinge tsakanin nama mai lafiya da wanda abin ya shafa. Fuskokinsu na waje na iya nutsewa da murƙushewa.
Wani lokaci ana iya ganin fungi fari ko ruwan hoda a waje. Ci gaban bushewar bushewa na iya haifar da ruɓar laushi na ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu.
Yanayin da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar: bushewa da yanayin dumi. Ka tuna cewa cutar na iya yaduwa da sauri idan ba a kula da dankali da kyau a cikin makonni 2-3 na farko.
A cikin jerin shawarwarin asali don hana kamuwa da cutar amfanin gona
laushi mai laushi yana haskaka abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Tsaftace ma'ajiyar ajiya da kwantena kafin amfani (kuma a kashe idan an adana dankali mai cuta a baya a can).
- Ajiye dankalin da aka girma daga ingantattun tsaba masu lafiya, tare da sarrafa ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, cikin yanayin ingantaccen ingantaccen kariya daga ciyawa, kwari da cututtuka.
- Don tabbatar da samuwar kwasfa da ripening na amfanin gona na yau da kullun. Tsabtace tare da kulawa kuma kauce wa ƙulla, kada ku tsaftace cikin ruwan sama. Idan ana zargin ɓarkewar laushi mai laushi, sanya batches kusa da ƙofar shiga don a iya cire su da sauri idan sun fara lalacewa. Idan an gano adadin yawan cutar yayin binciken kafin girbi ko girbi, yi amfani da ƙarancin zafi da ci gaba da samun iska yayin jiyya/ ajiyar wuri.
- Tsara daidai bayyanar da lafiyayyen dankali na tsawon makonni 2-3 a zazzabi na 10-13 ° C da zafi na 95%. Ka kiyaye babban zafin jiki a ƙasa da 5°C. Kada a yi amfani da moisturizer. Idan an lura da cutar bayan jiyya, to, rage yawan zafin jiki zuwa yanayin riƙewa ya kamata ya zama mai sauri, tare da yalwar iska. Hana samuwar condensation a kan tubers. Tsarin iska wanda zai iya samar da iskar iska mai ci gaba amma ƙarancin gudu yana hana samuwar danshi kyauta. Yi amfani da ci gaba da samun iska ba tare da humidification don wuraren da abin ya shafa ba. Ware irin waɗannan jam'iyyun, in zai yiwu.
An samar da yanayi mai kyau don ci gaban cutar a wuraren ajiya idan an ba da ƙasa da yawa a can tare da dankali. Raunin dankali a lokacin girbi da sarrafawa yana taimakawa wajen saurin kamuwa da cuta.
Sarrafa: Rage ɓarna yayin girbi da sarrafawa. Guji girbi lokacin da zafin jiki yayi ƙasa saboda dankalin sanyi yana da saurin kamuwa da rauni. Kafin girbi, tabbatar da cewa dankalin ya yi fata sosai kuma ya cika. Cire datti mai yawa da ƙullun ƙasa yayin tsaftacewa da kuma kafin lokacin jiyya. Ana ba da shawarar yin magani a 13 ° C da 95% zafi na dangi, wanda ke inganta warkar da rauni. Ya kamata a kammala warkar da raunuka a cikin makonni 2-3. Bayan kammala magani
lokaci, a hankali rage yawan zafin jiki a cikin adadin 0,5 ° C kowace rana zuwa matakin ajiya na dogon lokaci.
Rufe ruwan hoda wata sabuwar cuta ce mai hatsarin gaske wacce ta haifar da oomycete Phytophthora erythroseptica. Alamun lalacewa na waje: wilting na iska na shuke-shuke, alamun chlorosis akan ganye.
Tushen dankalin turawa sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar tsiro, lentil da raunuka, yawanci a cikin filin. Shafi waje nama a kan tuber iya samun
launin ruwan kasa, musamman a kusa da budewar halitta (lentil) da kuma cikin tsiro. A ciki, yankin da ya kamu da cutar ya yadu a kusan madaidaiciyar layi ta cikin nama na dankalin turawa. Lokacin da aka yanke tubers da abin ya shafa, nama na ciki ya zama spongy kuma ya zama ruwan hoda bayan mintuna 30 (hoto na 4). A cikin matakan ci gaba, naman da abin ya shafa na iya fitowa fili, mara wari, ruwa mai ruwa lokacin da aka matsa.
Yanayin da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar: yawan danshi a cikin gonaki a ƙarshen lokacin girma da yanayin zafi (zazzabi na iska sama da 35 ° C).
Sarrafa: Ka guji yawan ruwa a ƙarshen lokacin girma, musamman lokacin da yanayin zafi ya yi yawa. Yi nazarin wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi a filin, idan an sami alamun rot, kar a cire irin waɗannan wuraren. Idan an gano cutar bayan an adana dankali, tabbatar da isasshen iska da zafin jiki na 7-10 ° C don lokacin bushewa. Idan
kawai karamin sashi na batch ya shafa, kula da lafiyayyen dankali a 10 ° C. Daga baya, sanya saurin sanyaya a
ci gaba da samun iska.
Raunin Raunin ruwa cuta ce ta fungal cuta ce ta oomycete Pythium ultimum (wani naman gwari na ƙasa da ke cutar da raunuka da ramukan halitta a cikin fatar dankalin turawa). Wuraren da abin ya shafa na ciki galibi ana raba su da lafiyayyan nama ta bakin iyaka mai duhu. Ruɓaɓɓen nama yana da nau'in spongy, yayin da wuraren da abin ya shafa za su iya kasancewa a ciki kawai, suna barin kwasfa (hoto 5). Kayan da aka yanke ya zama fari, launin toka da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Cutar na iya bayyana a cikin makonni 2-3 na ajiya. Alamar farko ta matsala ita ce bayyanar jika a kan kasan dogo na kwantena saboda jika da ruwa mai ruwa daga tubers da abin ya shafa.
Sharuɗɗan da ke ba da damar yaduwar cutar: Matsananciyar zafi mai zafi yana biye da ɗan gajeren lokaci na bushewa yayin girma tuber. Cutar tana da matukar damuwa musamman idan zazzabi na tubers ya wuce 20 ° C. Pythium yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta tare da lalata mai laushi na kwayan cuta, amma raunin rauni da kansa baya yaduwa a cikin ajiya.
Matakan sarrafawa don ɓarkewar ruwa suna da nufin hana yanayin da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka. Sun hada da ciki
zaɓi filayen da ke da magudanar ruwa mai kyau kuma babu tarihin cututtuka, aƙalla juyar da amfanin gona na shekaru uku. Ka guji wuce gona da iri
ban ruwa, musamman a karshen kakar wasa, don ba da damar isashen lokaci don lalatawar fata da kuma samuwar fata mai kyau. Ya kamata a girbe tubers a cikin sanyi, bushe yanayi lokacin da fata ta girma kuma zafin jiki ya faɗi ƙasa da 20 ° C.
Idan alamun cutar sun fara bayyana a cikin ajiya, to sai a rage yawan zafin jiki a cikin dakin zuwa 12-15 ° C kuma ya kamata a kara yawan wurare dabam dabam na iska. Magungunan fungicides a lokacin girma da adanawa a cikin yaƙi da Pythium matuƙar suna da tasiri sosai - kamar
da kuma yaki da rot rot, azurfa scab, anthracnose da fusarium. Za a tattauna wannan dalla-dalla a ƙasa.
Phomosis (gangrene) - An ƙara tartsatsi fungal cuta na adana dankali. Na farko
Alamun gangrene ƴan ƙanana ne masu duhu duhu waɗanda za su iya bayyana duhu launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. Abubuwan shigar sun yi kama da zanen yatsan yatsan hannu kuma suna iya haɗuwa da haɗuwa (hotuna 6). Aibobi yawanci suna da dabi'ar shimfidawa kuma don haka sun bambanta da nau'ikan zoben da ke da alaƙa da Fusarium. Gangrene rots galibi suna da duhu sosai kuma suna da fayyace iyaka tare da nama mai lafiya.
Yanayin da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar: Cutar phomosis ya fi faruwa a lokacin da aka jinkirta girbi saboda sanyi da yanayin sanyi. Cutar ta shiga cikin tubers ta hanyar lalacewar fata. Kyakkyawan yanayi don haɓaka gangrene kuma na iya samuwa a cikin ajiya idan an adana dankali a cikin yanayin sanyi (idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni) da / ko ingantaccen warkar da lalacewar fata ba a aiwatar da shi ba.
Sarrafa: mafi kyawun rigakafin cutar shine rage lalacewa yayin sarrafawa. Yanayi na biyu da ake buƙata don hana yaduwar kamuwa da cuta shine tsaftacewa da kuma lalata kayan ajiya na shekara-shekara. Girbi da wuri da bushewar bushewa shima zai taimaka wajen guje wa matsaloli. A farkon ajiya, fungicides thiabendazole da imazalil suna da tasiri wajen sarrafa cutar.
Anthracnose ko baki tabo na tubers - cuta mai yaduwa, mai haifar da cutar shine naman gwari Coccodes Colletotrichum. Bayyanar cututtuka na tarin fuka shine launin ruwan kasa-launin toka na fata, wuraren da aka zagaye ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba (hoto 7). Launuka na iya ɗaukar sheen silvery, yana sauƙaƙa rikita anthracnose tare da scab na azurfa. Babban bambanci shine aibobi marasa daidaituwa
siffofi tare da ɓangarorin ɓarna da ɗigon baƙaƙen sarari akai-akai.
Sarrafa: amfani da ingantaccen iri, jiyya na tubers wanda ba lallai ba ne ya iyakance anthracnose,
amma yana inganta lafiyar shuka da makamashi, yana rage damuwa kuma yana ƙara juriya ga anthracnose. Yin amfani da ma'auni na taki da ban ruwa na sprinkler don rage damuwa na shuka, lalata ciyawa na lokaci-lokaci (majiya na kamuwa da cutar anthracnose). Ware ƙasa tare da ruwa mara tsari da tsarin iska, wanda ke haifar da ɓawon burodi mai kauri. Juyawa amfanin gona tare da amfanin gona waɗanda ba su da sauƙi ga ƙwayoyin cuta - irin su hatsi, waken soya, masara. Isasshen gona mai zurfi
wanda ke taimakawa wajen rugujewar ragowar shuka. Girbi nan da nan bayan dankalin turawa ripening. Daidaitaccen kula da yanayin zafi da zafi a cikin ajiya: yanayin zafi mai zafi da kuma tururi na ruwa yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa cutar.
Kwayar azurfa. Maganin haddasawa shine naman gwari Helminthosporium solani. Cutar tana ko'ina. Babban tushen kamuwa da cuta sun shafi dasa tubers. Ana iya gano alamun cutar riga a lokacin girbi ko jim kaɗan bayan kwanciya a cikin ajiya:
Waɗannan launin ruwan kasa ne da ba a iya gani ba, ba tare da haske ba, tabo masu girma da siffofi daban-daban (hoto 8). A ƙarshen ajiya, cutar ta kai ga ci gaba da yawa, kuma abin da ya shafa yana samun ingantaccen ƙarfe ko azurfa. Naman kaza a saman tabo
yana tasowa conidial sporulation da ƙananan punctate baki sclerotia.
Tare da shan kashi mai karfi, kwasfa na dankalin turawa ya fara farawa, kayan da aka samu yana karuwa, sakamakon haka asarar danshi yana faruwa. scab scab cuta ce ta al'ada ta ajiya. Sau da yawa, lokacin da aka adana a cikin ajiya, amfanin gona ya dubi kyauta, kuma
ta lokacin saukarwa, an gano 100% infestation. A lokacin sufuri, marasa lafiya tubers zo a cikin lamba tare da masu lafiya, kuma a karkashin yanayi na kaifi canji a cikin zafin jiki, zafi, girgiza da samun iska, wani m bayyanuwar bayyanar cututtuka da kuma overinfection na lafiya tubers faruwa.
Sarrafa: Yi aiki da jujjuyawar amfanin gona mai kyau, aƙalla juyawa na shekaru uku. Yin amfani da tsaba ba tare da kasancewar rufin azurfa ba. Duban tsaba da aka saya don kasancewar scab na azurfa. Rarraba iri da yawa na tsararraki daban-daban yayin ajiya (kada a sanya shi cikin ma'adana ɗaya). Amfani da samfuran tuber iri masu rijista a dasa shuki.
Girbi dankali nan da nan bayan kwasfa yana da ƙarfi. Isasshen saitin haɗuwa. Cikakken tsaftacewa da lalata kayan ajiya da duk kayan aiki kafin sabon kakar. Duba dankali don scab scab infestation kafin ajiya. Rabuwar kuri'a tare da scab na azurfa daga waɗanda kusan babu kamuwa da cuta. Aikace-aikacen maganin bayan girbi don magance cututtuka yayin ajiya. Jiyya na tubers a yanayin zafi mai zafi (10-15 ° C), zafi (90%) da samun iska mai kyau (mafi girman kwararar iska). Nan da nan sanyaya dankali bayan jiyya zuwa matakin da ake so na babban ajiya. Ƙungiya na ajiya a cikin yanayi
tsarin zafin jiki na musamman: a mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci don takamaiman jagorar amfani da dankalin turawa. Hana jigilar kaya idan an shirya adana dogon lokaci.
gauraye kamuwa da cuta. Tubers ba kasafai ake kamuwa da cuta guda ɗaya kawai ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, bincike na tuber marasa lafiya ya tabbatar
kasancewar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa (hoto 9).
Cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da asara mafi girma fiye da cututtukan mutum ɗaya. A bayyane yake, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna ƙarfafa haɓakar juna.
Tun da cututtuka na ajiya na iya haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa, yakin da ake yi da su dole ne ya kasance na tsari, ciki har da kai tsaye.
a matakin ajiya. A kan misalin cututtuka da yawa, an tabbatar da cewa za a iya rage haɗarin cututtuka ta hanyar rage lalacewar inji (wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da yaduwar dukkanin cututtuka na ɗakunan ajiya) da kuma amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i mai juriya ga kwayoyin cuta.
Kula da cututtuka wani muhimmin sashi ne na tsarin sarrafa iri. Kadan daga cikinsu suna faruwa
a cikin ajiya, manyan hanyoyin kamuwa da cuta yawanci iri ne ko ƙasa.
Sabili da haka, ana ba da babban sakamako mai kariya ta hanyar zaɓi na magabata masu lafiya, aiki a kan filayen da ba su da lafiya, da amfani.
kayan iri mai inganci, magudanar ƙasa mai kyau, shayarwa mafi kyau duka, girbi mai inganci da dacewa.
Ayyuka masu zuwa suna taimakawa wajen rage yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka:
• lokacin cirewa / bushewa na saman don tabbatar da abin dogara, kwasfa mai dorewa;
• Ingantacciyar girbi don cika ajiya da sauri;
• ingantaccen iska don ingantaccen bushewa da sanyaya;
• rigakafin samuwar condensate;
• kyawawan tsaftar ajiya da kayan aiki.
Girbi a cikin yanayi lokacin da dankali ya riga ya kafa fata mai karfi, ƙungiyar m na sufuri da ajiya
- duk wannan yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin samfuran, tunda cututtuka suna shiga cikin tubers galibi ta hanyar lalacewa ta waje. A lokacin girbi, fasa da cuts a cikin tubers ba makawa ne kuma pathogens yada a ko'ina cikin tsari na dankali. Amma ko cutar ta tasowa a cikin ajiya ya dogara da mahimman abubuwa guda uku:
• adadin inoculum cuta, yawanci fungal spores ko kwayoyin cuta, samuwa a kan tubers;
• yanayin microclimate;
• na halitta tuber jure cuta.
Ƙunƙarar cututtuka a matakin ajiya yana yiwuwa ta hanyar rage lalacewa, bushewa mai sauri, ingantaccen warkarwa na lalacewa, zazzabi da kula da zafi, da tsabta. A cikin tsari da kuma cikin mahallin cututtuka, an nuna wannan a cikin Table 1.
Dabarun sarrafa cututtuka na ajiya na duniya:
• Girbi bushe, dankali mai lafiya tare da zafin jiki tsakanin 7 zuwa 15 ° C. Matsakaicin kau da lalace tubers a kan hadawa, samar da yanayi ga high quality-yi aikin.
• Shirye-shiryen a hankali na ajiya da tsarin samar da iska. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar a gaba cewa an samar da isassun isassun kuɗin iska a duk wuraren ajiyar. Ƙara tsarin samun iska mai ɗaukuwa mai ɗaukuwa zuwa ɗakuna tare da samun iska gabaɗaya. Kyakkyawan motsin iska yana da matukar mahimmanci don adana dankali mai matsala.
• Gyara ƙa'idodin bushewa, warkewa da sanyaya. Dankalin da ke da matsala yakan kasance jika kuma yana cike da kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa, aikin manomi shine sanyaya da bushe amfanin gona da wuri. Yi sanyi da sauri zuwa zafin jiki na ƙarshe (3-5 ° C). Kada a danshi dankali mai cuta.
• Gudun magoya baya (shigar da ƙari idan ya cancanta) a ci gaba da aiki har sai amfanin gona ya bushe. Yaduwar iska ta cikin dankali dole ne a gudanar da shi akai-akai a duk lokacin matsala, koda kuwa babu yanayi don amfani da iska a waje.
• Tabbatar da motsin iska ta saman samfurin. Ruɓaɓɓen dankali da datti suna haifar da cikas. Ana buƙatar magoya baya tare da matsin lamba mai yawa.
• Kulawa na yau da kullun na ajiya. Infrared "bindigogi", ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a yankuna daban-daban suna ba da kyakkyawar nuni ga matsakaicin zafin jiki.
• Ware wa iska mai dumi a waje akan dankali mai sanyi (in ba haka ba ruwan 'ya'yan itace zai taso akan tubers). Ruwa a kan tubers yana ƙoƙarin shaƙa dankali kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga ƙwayoyin cuta masu laushi. Yanayin iska ya kamata ya kasance kusan digiri 1 C sama da yawan zafin jiki na tuber da ake so.
Fungicides za a iya amfani da lokacin lodi, lokacin ajiya da kuma lokacin da aka aika daga ajiya.
Abubuwan da ke aiki da ake amfani da su don magance dankali da cututtuka kafin adanawa:
• RF - fludioxonil, benzoic acid, colloidal azurfa, Bacillus subtilis;
• Jamus - imazalil, pencicuron, prothioconazole;
• Ingila, Belgium - imazalil, thiabendazole;
• Faransa - flutalanil, mancozeb, pencecuron, prothioconazole, fludioxonil;
• Kanada - thiabendazole, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, difeconazole, phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite, Pseudomonas suringae;
• Amurka - azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl,
phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid.
Maganin iri ya kamata ya ba da kariya daga cututtuka da kwari, haɓaka haɓakar shuka kuma ya isa
fasaha.
Tasirin aikin kai tsaye ya dogara da ingancin aiwatar da shi da kuma zaɓi na shirye-shiryen daidai; ya kamata a dogara ne akan fahimtar manufar takamaiman fungicides da la'akari da matsalolin phytopathological na wani nau'in kayan shuka da filin musamman. A cikin kasida na hukuma na magungunan kashe qwari na Tarayyar Rasha, an yi rajistar tuber miya fungicides azaman hanyar sarrafa rhizoctoniosis, scab na gama gari da scab na azurfa. Duk da haka, babu bayanai game da tasiri na kwayoyi a kan
Anthracnose, rauni na ruwa rot, ƙasa marigayi blight kamuwa da cuta, wanda ya zama tartsatsi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Don haka, TMTD da aka fi sani da shi an sanya shi azaman magani don ƙin ƙyalli, rhizoctoniosis, scab, rigar ƙwayoyin cuta da fusarium. Wannan yana haifar da shakku masu ma'ana, tunda kawai mafi yawan zamani na kayan aikin fungicide guda uku Idicum yana da kwatankwacin aikin bakan (akan oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctoniosis).
An gabatar da mafi cikakken saitin hanyoyin don kare kayan shuka dankalin turawa a cikin Amurka. Don tattara ruwa, ban da abubuwan da aka sani a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, ana ba da izinin amfani da sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, Chenopodium quinoa saponins ƙwayoyin cuta. An haɗa Sedaxan a cikin kashi huɗu na farko na disinfectant na duniya daga Syngenta, wanda a cikin Amurka ana kiransa Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra tare da haɗin dv-in fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Tarayyar Rasha ta sanar da fara aiwatar da tsarin hada irin wannan magani a cikin rajistar dankali.
An ba da izini a hukumance don amfani da sinadarai masu aiki 16 na fungicides, 10 a.i. don maganin iri. maganin kashe kwari da shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin cuta na 15 tare da aikin fungicidal. Fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid suna da tasiri akan cututtukan dankalin turawa,
Benyom, Pencycuron, Thiebenazole, PenfluCunzole, croveroconazole, Kamporam, Imazalil, Ipridione. Akwai samfura da yawa tare da A.I guda biyu. fungicides: penflufen + prothioconazole; a hade tare da maganin kashe kwari - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole,
thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil, iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole. Mafi kyawun abun da ke ciki na fungicides mai kashi uku: fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl.
Tufafin gaba yana da fa'idodi da yawa: yanayin da ya fi natsuwa, ingantaccen sashi na maganin aiki, da haɓaka haɓakar dasa dankali. Amma magani mai inganci a asibiti shine feshi mai ƙarancin ƙaranci tare da yawan gudu
aiki ruwa ba fiye da 3 l / t. Wannan yana yiwuwa lokacin amfani da atomizers diski akan kowane wuri mai juyawa - hopper rollers, tebur dubawa ko kayan aiki na musamman na Mafex. Matsakaicin adadin ruwan aiki na 10-20 l / t a asibiti, wanda ka'idodin Tarayyar Rasha ya ba da izini, ya kamata a gane shi a matsayin kuskure kuma ba a yarda da shi ba. A cikin zamani phytopathological halin da ake ciki, bayyananne wetting na tubers ne da gangan tsokanar ci gaban kwayoyin cututtuka. Bayan da aka sarrafa a asibiti, ko da a jajibirin shuka, dole ne a bushe dankali.
in ba haka ba, matsaloli tare da germination da rotting na tubers ne makawa.