O.V. Abashkin,
Yu.A.Masyuk,
OA Dabira,
YP Boiko,
V.N. Zeyruk,
N.N. Gordienko,
ZNMorzhenkov,
D.V.Abrosimov,
Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kasafin Kimiyya ta Kimiyya ta Tarayya "Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Rasha ta Dukiyar tattalin arzikin Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorch
KYAUTA MAI KYAU
Ladybugs (lat. Coccinellidae) dangi ne na tsari na Coleoptera wanda ke zaune kusan duk duniya, ban da yankin Antarctica da yankin permafrost. Buɗewar kwari mai motsi a bayyane sananne ne tsakanin mutane. Kimanin nau'in 100 na wannan dangin suna zaune a yankin ƙasar Rasha.
Matsakaicin tsaran kwari daga 3 zuwa 10 mm. Siffar jikin ta oval ce ko zagaye, mai lankwasawa ko tsinkaye daga sama, kwance daga ƙasa. Pronotum da elytra suna da daidaitattun kayan aiki iri ɗaya. Etwaro yawanci launuka ne masu haske, tare da ɗigo a kan elytra.
A kasarmu, akwai shanu iri guda (masu yawan ciyawa), daga cikinsu akwai kwari da yawa na aikin gona. A cikin Yankin Gabas mai nisa, budurwar dankalin turawa mai maki 28 (Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata Motsch) na haifar da mummunar illa ga dasa dankali, kokwamba da sauran kayan lambu. A yankuna na kudanci, alfalfa ladybird (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata L.) lokaci-lokaci yana lalata alfalfa da sukarin gwoza. A cikin Smolensk, Saratov da wasu yankuna na tsakiyar Rasha da kudancin Rasha, amaryar da ba ta da ruwa (Cynegetis impunctata L.) lokaci-lokaci tana lalata alfalfa, albasa da ɗanɗano mai daɗi.
Duk sauran nau'ikan 'yan Rasha na matan tsuntsaye matalauta ne. Gwaro da larvae suna da matukar amfani, suna halakar da adadi mai yawa irin wadannan kwari masu hadari kamar aphids, beetles beetles, sikelin kwari, sikelin kwari da kaska.
Matan sarautar mata suna yin ƙwai kusa da yankunan mulkin aphid ko kuma mazaunin wasu nau'ikan halittu da suke cin abinci, ɗayan ko a cikin ƙwanƙun 10-15 kowane. Sau da yawa suna rikicewa tare da kwanciya da ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa na Colorado, amma ƙwai na tsuntsaye masu launin rawaya, ba lemu bane, kuma ƙarami ne ƙanana. Tsutsa suna da shekaru huɗu. Yawancin al'ummomi suna haɓaka a cikin shekara. Manyan berayen da ke bacci, ta yin amfani da matsugunai daban-daban, wani lokacin za su yi bacci a wuri guda cikin manyan taro (inda aka tara su), inda za a iya tattara su a lokacin da ake yin diapause, a ajiye su cikin kwantena har zuwa lokacin bazara, sannan a sake su zuwa wuraren da kwari suke.
Ladybugs suna da amfani sosai azaman masu tsara halittar yawan kwari kuma ana amfani dasu sosai cikin tsarin kula da ilimin halittu. Wasu nau'ikan, kamar su Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. Da kuma Rodolia Cardinalis Muls., Ana samun nasarar yaduwarsu a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma an shigar dasu cikin yanayi don takaita yawan kwari.
LITTAFIN KWARAI NA GOMA SHA BIYU
Ladybug yana kama ido
(Anat ooellata L.)
Tsayin jiki: daga 8 zuwa 9 mm. An dinka elytral a saman tare da daraja wanda aka rufe shi da farin gashi. Garkuwar tana da girma, a bayyane take. Elytra tare da baƙin ƙarfe guda 20 tare da gwal maraƙi. A cikin wasu mutane, aibobi an haɗa su gefe, ko kuma a ƙarami. Rarraba: ko'ina cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, a cikin Crimea, Siberiya da Gabas mai nisa. Yana ciyar da yafi akan aphids.
GIRLBIRD BIYU-POINT (Adalia bipunctata L.)
Tsayin jiki: 4 zuwa 5 mm. Pronotum tare da haske, kullun iyakar rawaya akan tarnaƙi, wani lokacin haske tare da tsarin launin ɗigon baki. A cikin wasu mutane, an sami wuri mai siffar M-tsari a kan pronotum. Tsarin elytra suna da matukar kyau. Jikin da ke ƙasa baƙar fata ne. An rarrabu ko'ina, sai dai yankunan Yankin Arewa.
ALLAH KYAUTA
(Adonis launuka L.)
Tsayin jiki: 3-6 mm. Tsutsa yana da jikin elongated. A baya ne baki, wanda akwai biyu rawaya aibobi. A cikin manya, amber-ja elytra, wanda ya kasance akwai ɓoye shida na sifofin marasa daidaituwa. Rarraba ko'ina: Mace suna sa ƙwayaye masu haske akan tsire-tsire cikin rukuni (kwanciya-kwai). Entomophage yana ba da ƙarni uku a kowace shekara. Individualaya daga cikin mutum ci har zuwa 20 qwai na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro kowace rana, na rayayye ci kabeji aphids.
BAYAN-BAYAN ALLAH
(Coccinella quinquepunctata L.)
Tsayin jiki: 3 zuwa 5 mm. Elytra tare da biyu baƙi masu zagaye zagaye kowannensu kuma tare da wuri ɗaya na kowa kusa da scutellum. An rarraba ko'ina, ko'ina cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, a cikin Caucasus, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Siberiya da Gabas mai nisa. Yana ciyar da yafi akan aphids.
BANBAN ALLAH BAYANSA
(Coccinella maɗaukakiyar kwakwalwa L.)
Mafi shahararren nau'in ladybugs. Tsayin jiki: 5 zuwa 8 mm. Elytra na scutellum suna da farin ciki tare da maƙarar baki guda shida dayan maƙamai na ƙaiƙayi. Aka rarraba ko'ina. Yana ciyarwa akasari akan aphids, larvae da manya (manya) suna cin ƙwai da larvae na ƙuruciya shekaru da irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro.
ALLAH BADU UKU
(Hyperaspidius tredecimpunctata L.)
Tsayin jiki: 4 zuwa 7 mm. Elytra rawaya. A gefen kan gado na pronotum akwai kyakkyawar iyaka mai haske tare da alamar farin baƙi. Ba a cikin hamada ta Tsakiyar Asiya da Caucasus. Yana zaune akan tsire-tsire kusa da jikin ruwan. Yana ciyar da yafi akan aphids.
ALLAH YABADA AMEEN
(Ithone mirabilis Motsch.)
Tsayin jiki: daga 4 zuwa 6 mm. Rarraba a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana ciyar da yafi akan aphids. FIFTEEN-FIFTEEN ALLAH BUDA (Coccinella quatuorddecimpustulata L.)
Tsayin jiki: 3 zuwa 4 mm. Bariki suna da sauƙi. Elytra tare da ratsin rawaya 14, tsararren tabo yana ware kuma yana da siffar koda. Rarraba yadu, ko'ina cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, a cikin Caucasus, Siberiya da Gabas mai nisa. Yana ciyar da yafi akan aphids.
ALLAH BAD BAYAN-HU -U-huɗu
(Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata L.)
Jinsunan suna iri daya, amma daban a halaye na ilimin halittar mutum. Tsayin jiki: 3 zuwa 5 mm. An bazu ko'ina daga tundra zuwa yankin dajin-steppe.
Akwai sanannen almara a gefen gaba na mesothorax. Elytra tare da baƙar fata. Alamar sanayya da elytra tana da canji. Yana ciyarwa yawanci akan aphids, na iya cin abinci. Wannan nau'ikan 'ladybugs' na iya haifuwa da kansa a cikin greenhouses na dogon lokaci. Mata suna yin ƙwai a kan tsire-tsire. Girman ci gaba: zazzabi + 24 ... + 25оC, dangi mai laushi 70-85%. Tsaran tsutsa na ci gaba a cikin kwanaki 7-8. Lokacin da yanayin muhalli ya tabarbare, ci gaban larvae ya jinkirta. Mata suna rayuwa a matsakaici na kwanaki 65 kuma suna yin ƙwai daga 270 zuwa 360 a wannan lokacin. A aikace, ana amfani da wannan kifin a kan kabewa da greenhide aphids a mataki na kwayar halittar ruwa ta farko da ta biyu a cikin wani mai farauta - ganimar rabo na 1: 10. An samu mafi kyaun sakamako tare da sakin ƙwaya masu yawa tare da tazarar mako guda. Mata masu farauta suna da ƙarfin bincike sosai kuma suna samun aphids koda tare da ƙananan rarraba.
Cryptolaemus montrouziera (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant.)
Tsawon jikin babban kwari: daga 3 zuwa 4 mm, tsutsa na iya kaiwa 13 mm, an rufe shi da wani abu mai lahani wanda zai sa su yi kama da abincinsu - mealybugs. Yankin yanki na rarrabawa: Gabashin Ostiraliya.
An gabatar da nau'in halittu (an gabatar da shi da kuma haɗaka) ga ƙasashe da yawa na duniya, ciki har da USSR (RF). Abincin yau da kullun: qwai, nono da coccids na manya, gammaye da mealybugs akan ornamental da tsire-tsire na kayan lambu. Laraya daga cikin tsutsa cryptolemus na iya ci / lalacewa daga ƙwai 4 zuwa dubu 7, lardin 200-300 ko tsutsotsi na 40-60 kowace rana. A yanayin zafi sama da +33оTare da ayyukan cryptolemus yana raguwa sosai, a yanayin zafi a ƙasa +9оTare da su gaba daya sun rasa aiki (zafin jiki mafi kyau: + 22 ... + 25оC, dangi mai laushi 70-80%). Mace tana yin ƙwai har zuwa 1100. Cikakken yanayin zagaye, dangane da yanayin zafin jiki, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 25-72. Etwaro yakan rayu daga watanni 3 zuwa 7. Sun kasance suna aiki sosai a cikin kwanakin rana mai haske, a cikin gidajen bishiyoyi - a cikin haske mai haske. A matsakaici, ana sakin mutane biyu a cikin mita 1 a cikin mahimmancin kwayar cryptolemus2 tare da tazara tsakanin makonni biyu, tare da babban yawa daga cikin kwaro, adadin ƙaddamarwa yana ƙaruwa sau 5-10.
KYAUTA LEIS (Leis dimidiata Fabr.)
Tsawon jiki: fiye da 10 mm. Yankin yanki na rarrabawa: kudu maso gabashin Asiya. An gabatar da jinsin (gabatarwa da haɓaka) zuwa ƙasashe da yawa na duniya, gami da USSR (RF). Mace tana yin ƙwai daga 30 zuwa 40 a kowace rana, kimanin ƙwai 2000 baki ɗaya. Haɓaka ci gaba: zazzabi + 20 ... + 25оC. Matsayin jima'i: 1: 1. Lokacin ciyarwa akan peach aphids ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya danganta da yawan zafin jiki, tsawon lokacin ci gaban ƙwai: kwanaki 3-5, larvae - 14-22, pupae - 5-8 days, preimaginal period - 22-35 days, manya kwari suna rayuwa 4-6 watanni. Etwaro da larvae suna cin abinci akan nau'ikan aphids da yawa, gami da kankana da gourds, da kuma ƙwayayen malam buɗe ido (Lepidoptera). Tsaran tsuntsaye na farko da na biyu ana sake su cikin cibiyoyin kwari. A kan barkono a kan aphids a cikin rabo na 1:40, a kan furanni - 1: 200.
LIMBIFER CYCLONEDA
(Cycloneda limbifer Cassey.)
Tsawon jiki: fiye da 10 mm. Yankin yanki na rarrabawa: yankin wurare masu zafi. An gabatar da jinsin zuwa ƙasashe da yawa na duniya, gami da USSR (RF). Yana cin aphids sosai. Don kariya daga ilimin halittu daga aphids, ana cinye masu cin abincin cyclone a cikin greenhouses, inda zasu iya haifuwa da kansu. A kan barkono mai zaki, Cycloneda ya ci kusan dukkanin aphids akan sa. A lokacin rayuwarsa, tsutsa guda tana cin abinci har zuwa 270, kuma babban ƙwaro - sama da mutane 1300 na guna ko peach aphid. Farkon larvae na farko da suka fara cin karfin junan su (cin naman mutane). Don kabewa, cucumbers da barkono, ana fitar da mahaukaciyar iska a cikin rabo daga ganima daga 1: 5 zuwa 1:25. Tare da adadin aphids daga 500 ko fiye, ya kamata a ƙara sakin larvae na cryptolemus sau 5-10.
A cikin 2018, ma'aikata na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasafin Kimiyya ta Tarayya na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Rasha A. GLorha ya gudanar da wani bincike don nazarin rawar ladybugs don iyakance adadin ƙwayoyin gwoza na Colorado, an gudanar da lura a cikin wuraren gwaji na cibiyar.
Dankali irin na Dankali saboda yawan lambobin ƙwaro: Moon, Vector, Pennant, Irbit, Meteor, Nakra, Rocco, Lyubava, Snow White, Scarb, Nikulinsky, Bora, Luck, Aurora, Belar, Kiwi, Nevsky, Zhukovsky da wuri, Handsome, Gala , Blue, Tsananta, Lorch.
Matsakaicin yawan ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado bai kai maki huɗu ba, wato, kwaro baiyi barazanar mahimmancin aiki da tubalin dankali ba.
An bincika yawan adadin matan lady da kwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado zuwa maki masu ƙima (tebur 2).
Mafi yawan adadin ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa na Colorado an yi rikodin su daga kudanci da gabashin bangarorin dasa dankalin turawa, inda aka lura da mafi yawan matannuniya. Mafi sauƙin duka sun kasance a tsakiyar ɓangaren saukarwa.
Abinda ya fi dacewa da ƙarni na 1 Colorado dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro shine Lyubava, Lorh, Belar da Snow White. Ladybugs sun fi son nau'ikan Belar, Golubizna, Kiwi. Kuma mafi girman ayyukan ladybugs an lura dasu akan nau'ikan Blue, Vector, Kiwi, Belar da Rocco.
Dynamic equilibrium predator - prey (SHJ - 1.00) an lura akan Aurora, Bera, Vympel, Irbit, Meteor, Nakra, Nevsky, RS, Skarb da Udacha.
An lura da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan sarauta a kan nau'ikan - Lorkh, Gala, Snow White, Luna, Lyubava.
Ofaya daga cikin shawarwarin da aka yanke dangane da sakamakon binciken: domin a murƙushe yawan mutanen ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado, ya kamata a fitar da tsutsa na 'yan matan cikin yanayin (gabatarwa) a ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni a cikin adadin mutane 40-50 a kowace daji.
A cikin shekarar 2019, adadin matannin da ke kan filayen dankalin turawa ya ragu sosai, wanda hakan ya fusata bayyanar da dankalin turawa da ke da dankalin turawa tare da adadin da ya wuce makudan tattalin arziki saboda yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da maganin sunadarai a kan irin ƙwaro a filin.