D. Yu. Ryazantsev, E. M. Chudinova, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky, P. N. Balabko, G. L. Belova, S. K. Zavriev
Kwayar cutar phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum coccodes na haifar da cututtuka masu haɗari a cikin dankali da tumatir da aka sani da anthracnose da tabon tabo. Ta hanyar dabi'un halittar jiki, galibi suna da wuyar rarrabewa daga cututtukan da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa; akan 'ya'yan tumatir masu kore, cutar na iya zama asymptomatic, yana bayyana ne kawai a kan reda fruitsan ja ja cikakke. Don saurin ganewar asali da ƙwayar cuta, an ba da tsarin gwajin PCR na ainihi. Don haɓaka tsarin gwaji, an ƙaddara jerin nucleotide na glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase gene of 45 C. coccodes waɗanda aka ware daga tubers dankalin turawa a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha.
Dangane da sakamakon da aka samo da kuma nazarin ire-iren jerin wasu jinsunan da ake samu a cikin rumbun adana bayanai na GenBank, an tsara takamaiman abubuwan share fage da kuma binciken C. coccodes. Don bincika ƙayyadaddun tsarin gwajin da aka kirkira, an gudanar da PCR tare da DNA ware daga tsarkakakkun al'adu na nau'ikan nau'ikan 15 daban-daban na parasitic da saprotrophic fungi da ke haɗe da tumatir da tsire-tsire dankalin Turawa (Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillium, Phomopsis phaseoli, Alternaria alternata, Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus, Stemphylium vesicarium, Helminthosporium solani, Phomopsis phaseoli, Neonectria radicicola, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium fulvum, C. cladosporioides). An ƙaddara kasancewar Colletotrichum coccodes DNA a ƙofar zagaye na 20-27, yayin da aka gano wasu nau'in bayan hawan 40 ko ba a gano su ba. Tsarin gwajin ya ba da damar gano amincin C. ya haɗu da haɓakar DNA fiye da 0.01 ng / mm3 a cikin cakuda PCR da aka bincika. Ta yin amfani da tsarin gwajin da aka kirkira, kasancewar C a cikin ganyen tumatir tare da alamun cututtukan fungal kuma a cikin tubers dankali ba tare da alamun cutar na waje ba an bincika. An tattara ganye tare da alamun kamuwa da cuta ta fungal daga fannoni biyu daban daban a cikin Krasnodar Territory, tubers - daga filayen da ke cikin Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod. An samo ganyen tumatir guda daya dauke da C. coccodes DNA a yankin Krasnodar; An gano gagarumin kasancewar DNA na wannan kwayar cutar a cikin samfuran 5 na tubers da aka girma a cikin yankunan Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga.
Gabatarwar
Namomin kaza daga cikin jinsin halittar Colletotrichum suna da hatsarin gaske wanda yake shafar hatsi, kayan lambu, ganye, 'ya'yan itace da tsire-tsire. Daya daga cikin jinsin wannan halittar, Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr).
Hughes, shine wakili mai haifar da anthracnose da baƙar fata da dankali da tumatir, kuma yana haifar da cututtuka na wasu tsire-tsire na dangin Solanaceae, haɗe. weeds (Dillard, 1992). C. coccodes yana cutar da dukkan ɓangarorin ɓoye na tsire-tsire, tushe mai tushe, ganye, da 'ya'yan itatuwa (Andrivon et al., 1998; Johnson, 1994). A kan kwasfa da tubers dankalin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar, ana lura da ci gaban wuraren toka-toka tare da gefuna da ba a fayyace ba, wanda a kansa ake samun dige-dige baki na sporulation da microsclerotia. Yayin ajiya, ulcers tare da laushin abun ciki na iya samarwa a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara na tubers, watau cutar ta shiga cikin yanayin anthracnose, wanda, amma, ba safai ake samun sa ba.
A lokaci guda, alamun cutar anthracnose (ulcers na fata tare da ƙananan ɗigon baƙi) sun saba da 'ya'yan tumatir. A kan ganye, alamomin C. coccodes suna bayyana kamar ɗigon ruwan kasa mai duhu, yawanci iyaka da launin rawaya (Johnson, 1994).
Ci gaban tabo a jikin tubers yana ɓata bayyanar su, wanda aka fi bayyana musamman lokacin da ake siyar da dankalin turawa mai ja-bawo. Fitar baƙi yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da ƙarancin asara (Yunwa da McIntyre, 1979). Lalacewa ga wasu gabobin tsirrai na haifar da asara, wanda aka lura dashi a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa da rufe (Johnson, 1994; Tsror et al., 1999). Cututtukan da C. coccodes ya haifar gama gari ne a kusan dukkanin yankuna masu samar da dankalin turawa na duniya, ciki har da Rasha (Leesa, Hilton, 2003; Belov et al, 2018). Kulawar waɗannan cututtukan yana da wahala saboda rashin tasirin tasirin kayan gwari da ake da shi a kan C. coccodes da kuma rashin nau'o'in juriya (Karanta, ideoye, 1995).
Cccodes inoculum na iya ci gaba a cikin tubers iri (Karanta, ideoye, 1988; Johnson et al., 1997), tsaba tumatir (Ben-Daniel et al., 2010), ya rayu na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙasa, kan tarkacen tsire-tsire (Dillard, 1990 ; Dillard, Cobb, 1993) da kuma ciyawa (Raid, Pennypacker, 1987). Ayyukan marubuta da yawa (Karanta, Boye, 1988; Barkdoll, Davis, 1992; Johnson et al., 1997; Dillard, Cobb, 1993) sun nuna cewa ci gaban cutar a cikin dankali da tumatir sun dogara ne da kasancewar inoculum a cikin iri da ƙasa. Saboda haka, don rage asara daga cutar, ya zama dole a binciko (gami da yawa) abubuwan da ake samu na naman gwari a cikin kayan iri, a cikin ƙasa, a cikin iri na tumatir dankalin turawa da tomatoan tumatir da aka ajiye don adanawa. Za'a iya gudanar da binciken ilimin halittar jiki a cikin ƙasa da kayan shuka ne kawai ta hanyar microsclerotia, wanda, duk da haka, ana samun sa a cikin wasu nau'ikan fungi.
Alamun kan tubers suna kamanceceniya da sillar sillar da naman gwari Helminthosporium solani ya haifar. Kebance coccodes na Colletotrichum da Helminthosporium solani cikin tsarkakakken al'ada yana da wahalar gaske kuma yana daukar lokaci mai tsawo saboda saurin ci gaban mai gina jiki. Don saurin gano coccot na Colletotrichum, ya zama dole ayi amfani da hanyoyin bincike na kayan aiki. Hanya mafi dacewa shine haɓakar sarkar polymerase (PCR) da gyaggyarawa - ainihin lokacin PCR. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da tsarin gwajin da masu binciken Burtaniya suka kirkira (Cullen et al., 2002) don yankin ITS1 na rDNA a Turai da Amurka. Amfani da shi ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin nazarin keɓancewar Rasha (Belov et al, 2018). Koyaya, C. coccodes yana da saurin canzawa kuma ganowa daga jerin DNA guda ɗaya na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya. Don ƙarin amintaccen ganewar asali, ana buƙatar bincike don jerin jinsin-takamaiman nau'in DNA, sabili da haka mun haɓaka tsarin gwajin asali wanda zai ba da damar gano C. coccodes ta hanyar jerin glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene.
kaya da matakai
Don kimanta tasiri da takamaiman tsarin gwajin da aka kirkira, munyi amfani da tsarkakakkun al'adu na nau'ikan fungi 15, waɗanda marubutan suka ware daga samfuran da abin ya shafa na ganye da fruitsa tomatoan tumatir, tubers dankalin turawa (Table 1). Don keɓewa, an ɗauki gabobin tsirrai tare da alamun cututtukan fungal, ba fiye da gabobi ɗaya a kowane daji ba.
Wani yanki na tuber tare da bawo, wani yanki na 'ya'yan itacen tumatir, da ganyen da abin ya shafa a karkashin madubin hangen nesa, bayan haka sai a tura mycelium, spores, ko kuma wani nama zuwa wani matsakaiciyar agar (wort agar) a cikin abincin Petri tare da kaifin allurar rarrabawa. An adana keɓaɓɓun a kan agar slant a cikin tubes gwajin a 4 ° C.
Samfurori na ganyen tumatir tare da alamun cututtukan fungal waɗanda aka shirya don bincike kai tsaye bayan tattarawa (a cikin filin) an sanya su cikin kashi 70% na giya na ethyl wanda aka ajiye su har zuwa keɓewar DNA. An kawo tubers dankalin turawa zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, kwasfa (yanki 2 × 1 cm) daga garesu, kuma a daskare a -20 ° С. Adana daskarewa har zuwa keɓancewar DNA.
Kyakkyawan al'adun fungi don keɓancewar DNA sun girma ne a matsakaiciyar ƙarancin wake. An cire mycelium na naman gwari daga matsakaicin ruwa, ya bushe a kan takardar tacewa, ya daskare a cikin sinadarin nitrogen, ya hade, an saka shi a cikin CTAB buffer, an tsarkake shi tare da chloroform, an saukar da shi tare da cakuda isopropanol da 0.5 M potassium acetate, an yi wanka sau biyu tare da barasa 2%. Sakamakon DNA ya narke a cikin ruɓaɓɓen ruwa kuma an adana shi a -70 ° С (Kutuzova et al., 20). An auna ƙaddarar DNA ta amfani da kayan ƙididdigar ƙididdigar DNA ta HS don DNA mai ɗaure biyu akan Qubit 2017 (Qiagen, Jamus). Abubuwan da aka sha da kuma daskararrun samfuran an daskarar dasu cikin sinadarin nitrogen, daga nan sai aka gudanar da hakar DNA kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama (don mycelium na al'adun fungal mai tsabta).
Tebur 1. Asalin ƙwayoyin fungi da aka yi amfani da su
Sunan Naman kaza | Shuka, sashin jiki | Wurin zabi |
---|---|---|
Colletotrichum coccodes 1, C. coccodes 2, C. coccodes 3, Ilyonectria crassa, Rhizoctonia solani | tuber dankalin turawa | Yankin Kostroma, tubers dankalin turawa na ƙarni na 1, mai narkarda Red Scarlett |
Colletotrichum coccodes 4 | ganyen dankalin turawa | Rep. Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola |
Helminthosporium Solani | tuber dankalin turawa | Yankin Magadan, pos. Tanti, tuber dankalin turawa |
Cladosporium mai girma | ganyen tumatir | Yankin Moscow, tumatir mai 'ya'yan itace |
Alternaria tumatir | 'ya'yan tumatir | wanda ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilmin kimiya da ilimin halittar jiki na Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Rasha ta Rasha ta Kariya |
Fusarium verticillium, Phomopsisphaseoli, Alternaria alternata, Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus, Stemphylium vesicarium, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Acrodontium luzulae, Penicillium sp. | 'ya'yan tumatir | Krasnodar Territory, gundumar Krymsky, maki mai daraja |
Cututtuka na Fusarium | saiwar alkama | Yankin Moscow |
PCR an gudanar dashi a kan na'urar kara haske na DTprime (DNA-Technology). Don PCR, an yi amfani da abubuwan share fage na asali da kuma bincike game da takamaiman yankin na jinsin glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase: gaba na farko Coc70gdf –TCATGATATCATTTCTCTCACGGCA, baya na farko Coc280gdr - TACTTGAGCATGTAGGCCTGGGT1. Abubuwan farko sun haɓaka yankin 213 bp.
Hakan ya dauki 50 ng na jimlar DNA (yayin nazarin ganye da tubers) da 10 ng (yayin nazarin DNA na al'adun fungal mai tsabta). Cakuda mai amsawa (35 μl) ya rabu da layin paraffin zuwa sassa biyu: ƙarami (20 μl) ya ƙunshi 2 ofl na 10 × maganin karewa (750 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8; 200 mM (NH4) 2SO4; 25 mM MgCl2; 0.1% Tween- 20), 0.5 mM na kowane deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 7 pmol na kowane share fage, da 4 pmol na wani binciken mai kyalli na hydrolyzable; na sama ya ƙunshi 1 ofl na 10 × PCR buffer da 1 U na Taq polymerase.
Rabuwa da cakuda tare da paraffin yana ba da damar adana bututun na dogon lokaci a zazzabi na 5 ° C kuma don samar da farawa mai zafi ga PCR bayan dumama su na mintina 10 a zazzabin da ke sama da 80 ° C. PCR an yi shi bisa ga shirin mai zuwa: 94.0 ° C - 90 s (1 sake zagayowar); 94.0 ° C - 30 s; 64.0 ° C - 15 s (5 hawan keke); 94.0 ° C - 10 s; 64.0 ° C - 15 s (45 hawan keke); 10.0 ° C - ajiya.
Sakamako da tattaunawa
Jerin jigon glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase an ƙaddara a cikin nau'ikan 45 waɗanda aka keɓe daga ganye, mai tushe, tubers dankalin turawa, da 'ya'yan tumatir (Kutuzova, 2018) a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha. Tsarin binciken da aka gudanar na dukkan nau'ikan ya kasu kashi biyu wanda ya banbanta a nucleotides biyu. Tsarin nucleotide na wakilan ƙungiyoyi biyu a ƙarƙashin lambobin KY2 da KY496634 ana ajiye su a cikin GenBank.
An bincika abubuwan share fage na coc70gdf, coc280gdr da cocgdz probe wanda aka tsara akan asalin su ta amfani da shirin BLAST (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) akan dukkanin jerin kwayoyin glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase na jinsin jinsin kwayar halitta ta Colletotrichum da sauran kwayoyin da ke cikin bayanan GenBank.
Babu wani yanki na DNA na wasu kwayoyin da suka yi kama da na farko da bincike.
An bincika ƙwarewar tsarin gwajin ta amfani da samfuran da ke tattare da abubuwa daban-daban na C. coccodes DNA, DNA na ɗankwalin ganye mai ɗanɗano da anthracnose (wanda aka tattara a cikin 2017 a Mari El, iri-iri Red Scarlett), da kwasfa na tubers da tabo ya shafa (wanda aka tattara a yankin Kostroma, iri-iri Red Scarlett, Tebur 2). Don tabbatar da kasancewar DNA a cikin tubers da ganyen dankalin turawa, C. coccodes an keɓe ɓarna daga gare su zuwa cikin al'adu masu tsarki.
Sakamakon binciken ƙwarewa na tsarin gwajin ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani dashi don gano nasarar kasancewar C. coccodes DNA a cikin samfurin lokacin da cikakken abin da yake cikin cakuda PCR ya fi 0.05 ng. Wannan ya isa sosai don ganowa, tunda siklerotia daya tana dauke da kimanin 0.131 ng, kuma spore daya yana dauke da kimanin 0.04 ng na DNA (Cullen et al., 2002). Tsarin gwajin da ƙungiyar Ingilishi ta ɓullo da shi (Cullen et al., 2002) ya nuna irin wannan ƙwarewar (ƙofar shiga 34 a 0.05 ng DNA da 37 a 0.005 ng).
Nazarin samfuran halitta waɗanda ke ƙunshe da C. coccodes a cikin kowane yanayi ya ba da damar amintar da kasancewar ta a cikin samfurin (Table 2). Hanyar da aka gabatar don keɓancewar DNA shima ya dace da nazarin samfuran tsire-tsire.
Tebur 2. Tabbatar da ƙwarewar tsarin gwajin da aka gabatar don gano abubuwan haɗin colet na Colletotrichum don ainihin lokacin PCR
Samfurin | Adadin DNA a cikin samfurin *, ng | Hanyar zagayawa | C coccodes ganowa |
---|---|---|---|
Mycelium Colletotrichum coccodes | 50 | 21.3 | + |
5 | 25.7 | + | |
0.5 | 29,7 | + | |
0.05 | 33.5 | + | |
0.005 | 40 | - | |
0.0005 | 42.8 | - | |
0.00005 | - | ||
Kwasfa Tuber 1 | 50 | 32 | + |
Kwasfa Tuber 2 | 50 | 30 | + |
Kwasfa Tuber 3 | 50 | 31.5 | + |
Ganyen Dankali | 50 | 29.5 | + |
Lura. * A cikin cakuda kayayyakin PCR.
An gwada takamaiman tsarin gwajin akan samfuran DNA da aka ciro daga nau'in fungi 15. Dukkanin nau'ikan fungi wadanda marubutan suka ware daga lafiyayyun yayan itace da ganyen tumatir, tubers dankalin turawa; strainaya daga cikin nau'in ya rabu da tushen alkama (Table 1). Daga cikin jinsunan da aka ware daga saman 'ya'yan itacen, akwai kuma jinsunan da ba su da kwayar cutar tumatir (alal misali, Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus).
Nazarin ya nuna cewa an gano C. coccodes DNA a bakin ƙofa na 20-27, yayin da ba a gano wasu nau'in fungal ba ko kuma aka ba da sigina bayan sake zagayowar 40, wanda za'a iya danganta shi da tasirin amo mara ƙima (Table 3).
Tebur 3. Gwajin tsarin gwaji na nau'ikan namomin kaza daban-daban
Sunan Naman kaza | Hanyar zagayawa |
Coccodes na Colletotrichum 1 | 20.9 |
C. koko 2 | 22.6 |
C. koko 3 | 23 |
C. koko 4 | 22 |
Cututtuka na Fusarium | > 40 |
F. verticalillium | > 40 |
Rhizoctonia Solani | > 40 |
Phomopsis lokaci | > 40 |
Alternaria alternata | > 40 |
A. tumatir | > 40 |
Helminthosporium Solani | > 40 |
Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus | > 40 |
Stemphylium vesicarium | > 40 |
Ilyonectria crassa | > 40 |
Cladosporium kayan kamfani | > 40 |
C. cika | > 40 |
Acrodontium luzulae | > 40 |
Penicillium sp. | > 40 |
Lura. * Adadin DNA a cikin dukkan samfuran ya kai 10 ng.
Anyi amfani da tsarin gwajin da aka kirkira dan gano C. coccodes a cikin samfuran ganyen tumatir tare da alamomin cututtukan necrotrophic da tubers dankalin turawa ba tare da alamun bayyanar ba. Don nazarin, mun ɗauki tubers iri na iri daban-daban da aka girma a cikin yankunan Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod. Kasancewar C. coccodes DNA an dauke shi mai mahimmanci a cikin samfuran, a cikin binciken wanda ƙofar zagaye bai wuce 35. Wannan ƙimar ƙofar an zaɓi ta ne bisa dogaro mai ƙayyadadden ƙimar 0.05 ng na C. coccodes DNA (ƙofar zagaye 33.5, Tebur 2) da gaskiyar cewa a bakin hanyoyin zagaye sama da 40, an gano DNA marar ma'ana na wasu nau'in fungal. Ta wannan hanyar, an gano muhimmiyar kasancewar C. coccodes DNA a cikin samfuran 5 na tubers girma a cikin Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga yankuna kuma a cikin ganyen tumatir ɗaya daga gundumar Yeisk na yankin Krasnodar (Tables 4, 5).
Tebur 4. Gano coccodes na Colletotrichum akan tubers dankalin turawa *
Samfurin lamba | Dankali iri-iri | Wurin girma | C coccodes ganowa | Hanyar zagayawa |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jar Launi | Yankin Kostroma | + | 35 |
2 | + | 35 | ||
3 | - | 38 | ||
4 | Sante | Yankin Moscow | + | 34 |
5 | - | |||
6 | - | 41 | ||
7 | - | 41.8 | ||
8 | + | 30 | ||
9 | Zhukovsky da wuri | Yankin Moscow | - | 40.5 |
10 | - | 40.6 | ||
11 | - | |||
12 | Molly | Yankin Kaluga | + | 34.3 |
13 | - | 38.4 | ||
14 | Fantasy | Yankin Kaluga | - | |
15 | Gala | Yankin Nizhny Novgorod. | - | |
16 | - |
Lura. * Adadin DNA a cikin dukkan samfuran ya kai 50 ng.
Tebur 5. Gano coccot na Colletotrichum akan ganyen tumatir *
Samfurin lamba | Wurin girma | C coccodes ganowa | Hanyar zagayawa |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Krasnodar Territory, Gundumar Crimean | - | |
2 | - | ||
3 | - | ||
4 | - | 45 | |
5 | - | ||
6 | - | ||
7 | - | ||
8 | - | ||
9 | Yankin Krasnodar, Gundumar Yeisk | - | 39.2 |
10 | - | 40.8 | |
11 | - | ||
12 | - | 41.6 | |
13 | - | 40 | |
14 | - | 41 | |
15 | - | 41.9 | |
16 | - | ||
17 | - | ||
18 | - | 40.3 | |
19 | - | ||
20 | - | ||
21 | + | 34.5 | |
22 | - | ||
23 | - |
* Adadin DNA a cikin dukkan samfuran ya kai 50 ng.
Tsarin gwajin da muka kirkira bashi da kasa da wanda masu binciken Burtaniya suka kirkira (Cullen et al., 2002) a cikin hankali da takamaiman abu kuma ya dace da nazarin samfuran shuka. Aikace-aikacenta don nazarin ƙwarjin tubers ya ba da damar gano C. coccodes DNA a cikin tubers ba tare da alamun ɓarnatarwa na waje ba da kuma yin nasarar nazarin kamuwa da ganye.
Har zuwa yau, babu wani bincike da aka yi game da tubers dankalin turawa don cutar C coccodes a Rasha. Bincikenmu na farko ya nuna cewa daga cikin 16 tubers iri da aka gwada girma a yankuna daban-daban na Tarayyar Rasha, 5 sun ƙunshi C. coccodes. Wannan ya nuna cewa bakin tabo na tuber dankalin turawa cuta ce ta dankalin turawa a Rasha, kuma ba a raina rawar da take takawa wajen rage girma da ingancin noman dankalin turawa.
Nazarin ganyen tumatir ya bayyana kasancewar C a haɗe DNA a cikin ganye ɗaya daga gundumar Yeisk da ke Krasnodar Territory. Tun da farko, lokacin da ake bincika filayen tumatir a kudancin Rasha ta amfani da tsarin gwajin Biritaniya (Cullen et al., 2002), an sami ganyayyaki da ke ƙunshe da C. coccodes, kuma a wasu filayen an sami babban adadin ganye da ke da cutar coccodes na C. (Belov et al., 2018). A cikin Krasnodar da Primorsky Territories, Yankin Moscow, mun sami 'ya'yan itacen tumatir, daga abin da muka sami damar kebe tsarkakakkun al'adun C. coccodes. Zai yuwu cewa C. coccodes sunfi yaduwa akan tumatir a Rasha fiye da yadda ake gasgata yanzu, kuma ba'a la'akari da cutarwarsa.
Don haka, har zuwa yau, an sami cikakkun bayanai game da yaduwar C coccodes akan dankali da tumatir.
Don kara fahimtar matsayin wannan naman gwari a ci gaban cututtukan dankalin turawa da tumatir, ya zama dole a lura da yaduwar sa a Rasha, a yi nazari a kan rawar da kasa da cututtukan iri, da kuma matsayin bakin tabo a cikin asara yayin adanawa. Yin amfani da cututtukan PCR na iya sauƙaƙe wannan aikin sosai, kuma yin amfani da duka tsarin gwajin lokaci ɗaya zai haɓaka daidaitaccen binciken.
Wannan aikin ya sami tallafi daga tallafi daga Asusun Kimiyya na Rasha A'a. 18-76-00009.
An buga labarin a cikin mujallar "Mycology and Phytopathology" (juz'i na 54, Lamba 1, 2020).