Alena Arkhangelskaya, Mataimakin Daraktan Kasuwanci na Tallafin Agronomic, PhosAgro-Volga
Hatsi na hunturu yana da mahimmanci wajen aiwatar da aikin haɓakar hatsi, saboda suna da yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da hatsin bazara.
Siffar haɓakar amfanin gona na hunturu ita ce tsawan lokacin girma da kuma rarraba tsarin rayuwar shuka zuwa manyan matakai biyu. Na farko yana faruwa a cikin kaka: daga shuka zuwa sanyi mai tsayi. Na biyu ya sake dawowa a cikin bazara kuma ya ƙare tare da samuwar kunnuwa da mutuwar tsire-tsire. Yawan amfanin gona na hunturu daidai ya dogara da yanayin lokuta biyu.
A cikin noman hatsi na hunturu, matakin vernalization yana faruwa a lokacin kaka-hunturu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke shirya tsire-tsire don wannan mataki shine daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai.
Samar da tsire-tsire tare da adadin phosphorus da potassium a cikin yanayin zafi mai kyau da sa'o'in hasken rana mafi kyau yana ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da taurin hankali a hankali da samun hardiness hunturu da juriya na sanyi. Tsayin hunturu na tsire-tsire ya dogara da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa na protoplasm. Tsarin tsarin ruwa yana hana mutuwar amfanin gona na hunturu daga wuce haddi ko rashin danshi. Phosphorus yana daidaita ma'aunin ruwa na kwayoyin shuka, yana inganta shayar da ruwa kuma yana inganta samuwar tsarin tushe mai karfi. Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa girma da samuwar tsarin tushen na biyu yana faruwa ne kafin lokacin kan gaba, tsire-tsire suna fuskantar buƙatar phosphorus daga germination zuwa samuwar kunne.
Har zuwa makonni hudu, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na hatsi suna ɗaukar ƙarin phosphorus daga takin mai magani, kuma daga baya, tare da samuwar tsarin tushen ci gaba, daga ƙasa. A lokaci guda, yunwar phosphorus a wannan lokacin yana haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin gona da kashi 30-37%. Rashin samuwa siffofin phosphorus a lokacin dukan vernalization mataki yana kaiwa ga cikakken hatsi gazawar, amma tare da yiwuwar samuwar al'ada bambaro yawan amfanin ƙasa. Rashin ƙarancin phosphorus mai tsayi a cikin bazara, bayan tsire-tsire suna fitowa daga lokacin hunturu, kuma yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa gabaɗaya, kuma amfanin hatsi na iya raguwa zuwa sifili.
Ma'auni na phosphorus da nitrogen a cikin ma'adinai mai gina jiki na shuke-shuke ya dogara ne akan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na abubuwa. Tsire-tsire suna tara phosphorus ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki ammonium fiye da ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na nitrate. A lokaci guda kuma, yunwar phosphorus yana jinkirta amfani da nitrogen a cikin tsire-tsire, wanda ke haifar da tarin nitrate nitrogen a cikin samfurori.
Ma'auni na potassium da nitrogen yana da mahimmanci. A lokacin yunwar potassium, nitrogen ba a cika amfani da shi ba, musamman idan tushensa shine nau'in ammonia. Potassium ne ke da alhakin tara adadin abubuwan da ake buƙata na abubuwan filastik da ake buƙata a cikin tsire-tsire kafin shiga cikin hunturu, musamman masu sukari. Ajiye ya zama dole don samar da juriya na damuwa na amfanin gona na hunturu. Dole ne a samar da tsire-tsire tare da cikakken kashi na takin mai magani na potassium a lokacin babban aikin shuka kafin shuka.
Dole ne a samar da abinci mai gina jiki na Nitrogen a duk lokacin girma, saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali da haske na sinadarin a cikin ƙasa. Amma yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da cewa wuce gona da iri kafin shuka nitrogen abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da haɓakar ciyayi mai ƙarfi na ciyayi da ƙaƙƙarfan daji. Accelerated jari na sama-kasa taro, tare da lag a cikin samuwar tushen tsarin, take kaiwa zuwa tabarbarewa a hardening na shuke-shuke kafin overwintering, ya karu lalacewa bambaro da fungal cututtuka, masauki na hatsi da kuma rage yawan amfanin gona.
Kafa noman hatsi yana faruwa a cikin bazara, a lokacin lokacin daga tillering zuwa ganyen tuta. A lokacin lokacin tillering, ana samun ƙarin harbe-harbe - jimlar yawan mai tushe. Sa'an nan, a cikin lokaci na fashewa a cikin bututu, samuwar spikelets yana faruwa. A lokacin lokacin ganyen tuta, ana ƙayyade adadin hatsi a cikin spikelet, kuma bayan furen hatsin ya girma. Duk waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar isassun nitrogen da keɓaɓɓen hasken rana.
Ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don haɓaka amfanin gona na hunturu a cikin kaka yana ba da gudummawa ga mafi kyawun amfani da danshi da abubuwan gina jiki ta tsire-tsire a cikin bazara. Tare da farkon kwanciyar hankali, suna da sauri ƙara yawan ciyayi kuma suna shan wahala kaɗan daga fari na bazara fiye da nau'in bazara. Tushen amfanin gona na lokacin hunturu kuma yana kare su daga bushewar iska.
Lokacin fitowa daga hunturu, tsire-tsire suna raunana kuma suna da rauni ga cututtuka da cututtukan fungal. Wajibi ne don aiwatar da takin bazara na farkon bazara da nufin haɓaka haɓakar shuka da kunna hanyoyin haɓakawa. Mafi tasiri shine tushen abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ke motsa ci gaban tsarin tushen na biyu da kuma tarin kayan lambu. Abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa daga tushen tsarin ta hanyar xylem sun tashi zuwa ga ganye, inda aka shafe su kuma a sarrafa su cikin kwayoyin halitta, kawai sai su zama abinci, kuma su koma tsarin tushen a cikin juyawa. Sabili da haka, amfanin gona na hunturu yana ba da amsa ba kawai ga takin nitrogen a cikin bazara ba, har ma da takin phosphorus, wanda ke tabbatar da tushen shuka da haɓaka haɓakar tsarin tushen na biyu. Mafi tasiri shine foliar da tushen takin tsire-tsire tare da ammonium ortho- da polyphosphates daga takin APALIQUA® NP 11:37 (ZHKU). Takin noman hatsi na hunturu tare da APALIQUA® NP 11:37 (ZhKU) a lokacin aikin noma zai taimaka wajen haɓaka yawan amfanin gona, da tarin ciyayi, da samuwar hatsi mai inganci, wanda tare zai ba da damar haɓaka yawan amfanin gona. .
Don tabbatar da ci gaban al'ada na tsire-tsire na hatsi na hunturu, ƙasa dole ne ta ƙunshi sulfur, magnesium, manganese, zinc, boron, jan karfe da sauran microelements. Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa samar da tsire-tsire na alkama na hunturu tare da adadin da ake buƙata na meso- da microelements ya karu da yawan amfanin gona ta 0,32-0,47 t / ha da abun ciki na furotin ta 1-2%.
Tun da aikin meso- da microelements yana nufin haɓaka juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin matakin vernalization, yana da kyau a gabatar da microelements a cikin ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan takin ma'adinai na dogon lokaci. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin su shine samar da microelements kai tsaye zuwa tushen tsarin shuke-shuke. Wannan da farko yana kawar da rashi na micronutrient a lokacin girma da kuma yiwuwar lokutan damuwa na shuka. Bugu da ƙari, fari na yanayi yana rage turgor na ƙwayoyin shuka. Idan akwai rashi na danshi na ciki, maida hankali salts daga shirye-shiryen microfertilizer a lokacin ciyar da foliar zai iya yin tasiri mai guba akan tsire-tsire - haifar da danniya na gishiri. Har ila yau, yin amfani da takin mai magani na foliar a lokacin fari na iya cutar da yanayin tsire-tsire saboda kunna photosynthesis, wanda ke inganta aikin kira na sukari. Amma rashin danshi yana iyakance motsin su na ciki, wanda ke haifar da "cutarwa" na sukari, yana dakatar da tsarin rayuwa gaba daya a cikin shuka.
A yau, layin takin ma'adinai da PhosAgro ke samarwa ya haɗa da samfuran sama da 50. Taki na iya ƙunsar daga sinadarai 2 zuwa 8. Kowane granule yana ƙunshe da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin adadin da aka bayyana.
Don babban tushen abinci mai gina jiki na hatsin hunturu lokacin shuka a cikin kaka, muna ba da shawarar samfuran tare da babban abun ciki na phosphorus da potassium:
- APAVIVA®+NPK(S) 10:26:26(2)+B da NPK(S) 10:26:26(2)+Zn,
- APAVIVA®+NPK(S) 8:20:30(2)+B da NPK(S) 8:20:30(2)+Zn,
- APAVIVA®+NPK(S) 15:15:15(10)+B da NPK(S) 15:15:15(10)+Zn,
- APAVIVA®+ NPK (S) 5:15:30(5)+B.
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