Daga mujallar: No. 1 2014
Fania Zamalieva, Tatyana Zaitseva, Lyudmila Ryzhikh, Zifa Salikhova, Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture na Rasha Agricultural Academy.
Fusarium wilt lokaci-lokaci yana shafar dankali a Tatarstan, amma yaduwar cutar ta epiphytotic a cikin 2011 da ci gabanta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa 2012-2013 sun ba da damar gano sabbin abubuwa a cikin hanyarta, ilimin da za a iya amfani da shi don rage asarar amfanin gona. An gudanar da bincike kan tsarin bayyanar cututtuka na gani a kan tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa, tubers, da kuma sakamakon binciken da aka yi na latent kamuwa da cuta na kyallen takarda daga tsarin jijiyoyin jini na mai tushe da tubers bisa ga hanyar (Popkova K.V.). Shmyglia V.A., 1980). Naman gwari da muka ware daga tushen dankalin turawa da tubers na cikin nau'in halittar Fusarium ne ta nau'in spore; Za mu iya kawai lura da cewa lokacin gano wani latent kamuwa da cuta, mun fi sau da yawa lura da samuwar farin mycelium, halayyar Fusarium solana.
Don raba busassun bushewa, wanda ke faruwa a sakamakon Fusarium wilt, daga bushewar bushewa na yau da kullun, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da Fusarium ya kamu da cutar ta hanyar rauni, wannan labarin yana gabatar da suna mai fayyace don rot rot wanda Fusarium wilt ya haifar - fusarium na jijiyoyin bugun gini na tubers.
Fusarium wilt na dankali cuta ce mai haɗari; Saboda watsa kamuwa da cuta tare da iri tubers shafi na jijiyoyin bugun gini fusarium a cikin wani latent tsari, zai iya haifar da thinning na seedlings da hana shuka girma a cikin na gaba tsara. Ci gaban Fusarium wilt, idan pathogen ya riga ya shiga cikin shuka, ya dogara da yanayin muhalli. Tushen fusarium koyaushe suna kasancewa a cikin ƙasa kuma kawai wasu raunana shuke-shuke da yanayi masu kyau don haɓakar naman gwari (maɓallin rigar da bushewa a lokacin zafi mai zafi) ya zama dole don naman gwari na iya shiga cikin shuka. Wadannan yanayi ne da muke karuwa a cikin jamhuriyarmu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Farkon epiphytoty na Fusarium wilt akan dankali yana da alaƙa da yanayin 2011: bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na Yuni, wanda sakamakon haka ƙasa ta rasa tsarinta gaba ɗaya, sannan, bayan dogon fari na fari, a kan bangon baya. yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar ƙasa da raguwa sun faru tare da samuwar tsagewa. Naman gwari ya fara shiga tushen tsarin tsire-tsire masu rauni; Ci gaban naman gwari a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini na karkashin kasa sannan a sama-sasan sassan tsire-tsire ya haifar da cikar toshewar tsarin gudanarwa da kuma bushewar tsire-tsire a farkon Yuli-Agusta, tare da haɓakar tubers tare da stolon rot (Figure). 1, Nevsky iri-iri). Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a watan Yuni da tsananin fari da yanayin zafi ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan jamhuriyar, don haka Fusarium zai yi rauni a shekarar 2011 kuma ya shafi duk wani shuka dankalin turawa - a kananan da kuma yawan noma. Ruwan sama da aka yi a watan Satumba ya sassauta ƙasa, amma a wannan lokacin tsire-tsire sun riga sun kamu da cutar gaba ɗaya kuma sun bushe.
shinkafa 1. Nevsky iri-iri tuber tare da stolon rot a 2011
Kayan iri da aka yi amfani da su don dasa shuki a cikin 2011, samu a gida shekara daya da ta gabata, Ba a kamu da fusarium na jijiyoyin jini ba, tun da a cikin shekara ta 2010 mara kyau, tuberization ya faru a watan Satumba-Oktoba a yanayin zafi mara kyau kuma a cikin yanayi mai laushi.
A cikin 2011, bushewa daga cikin ƙasa a cikin shekaru na biyu ko na uku na Yuli ya zo daidai da lokacin tuberization a tsakiyar farkon nau'in Nevsky, sabili da haka wannan nau'in ya nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka na ci gaban stolon rot akan tubers.
A karkashin yanayin 2012, mun lura da lokacin bushewa guda biyu, waɗanda suke tare da bushewa daga ƙasa kuma suna da haɗari ga lalacewa ta Fusarium wilt - daga kwanaki goma na uku na Yuni zuwa kwanaki goma na farko na Yuli (kwanaki 20), da daga farko zuwa na biyu kwanaki goma na Agusta (20 days).
Abubuwan iri da aka yi amfani da su don dasa shuki a cikin 2012 sun kasance a daɗe suna shafar fusarium na jijiyoyin jini. A wasu gonaki, riga a lokacin ajiya, tsaba na farkon ripening dankalin turawa iri-iri Vitessa, wanda ya zo daga kudancin yankunan na Rasha Federation, gaba daya rube. A karshen watan Mayu - farkon watan Yuni, bayan da aka sake maimaitawa, tsaba na tsakiyar farkon dankalin turawa iri-iri Nevsky, wanda ke girma a gonar Tukaevsky na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan, ya lalace gaba daya. Wasu nau'in dankalin turawa ba su nuna lalacewa ta hanyar fusarium na jijiyoyi ba lokacin da aka jera su, amma bayan dasa shuki sun nuna raguwa mai tsanani da raunin girma (tsakiyar lokaci iri-iri Zekura a wata gona a yankin Elabuga).
A cikin 2012, matakan ƙasa na Fusarium wilt kamuwa da cuta sun fi girma a gonaki waɗanda ke sake dasa dankali a cikin wuraren ban ruwa iri ɗaya inda aka shuka dankali a cikin 2011. A cikin waɗannan filayen ne aka lura da hoton da ya fi damuwa - germination bai wuce 50% ba, kuma tsire-tsire masu tasowa sun kasance masu tasowa a cikin girma. Kusan babu girbi ko kuma ya kamu da cutar, da dai sauransu, tare da rubewar stolon kuma ya lalace sosai lokacin ajiya.
Don haka, haɗuwa da gurɓataccen ƙasa saboda rashin jujjuyawar amfanin gona da ɓoyayyun abubuwan iri ya haifar da sakamako mafi muni.
a) b)
Hoto.2. Alamun fusarium wilt a cikin tsarin gudanarwa (a), a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini na tuber (b)
Yanayin dankali ya fi kyau a gonakin da ke girma dankali a karkashin ban ruwa da kuma jujjuya amfanin gona, alal misali, nau'in Arosa ya ba da amfanin gona na 30-35 t / ha a cikin gonaki a yankunan Arsky da Tukaevsky; da kyau, duk da cewa a cikin filin ta watan Satumba an sami yawaitar bayyanar cututtuka na Fusarium wilt akan ganyen apical na shuke-shuke da launin ruwan kasa na tushen (Fig. 3).
Ya kamata a lura cewa dankalin turawa iri-iri Arosa, Felox, Zekura, kawo kai tsaye daga Jamus, wanda ba ya shafa fusarium na jijiyoyin bugun gini, a lokacin da girma a karkashin ban ruwa yanayi, a yarda da amfanin gona juzu'i, duk da haka, ya bayyana wani gagarumin yaduwar bayyanar cututtuka na fusarium wilt. , ciki har da a tushen Wato, yanayi masu kyau - babban zafin jiki, zafi da bushewa daga ƙasa - suna da mahimmancin mahimmanci, cutar ta fara tasowa har ma da rashin kamuwa da cuta mai karfi na kayan iri da ƙasa.
A cikin 2012, lokacin bushewa na ƙasa a cikin kwanaki goma na uku na Yuni da kwanaki goma na farko na Yuli daidai da lokacin tuberization na farkon ripening iri, sabili da haka, gonakin noma sun lura da kamuwa da cuta na tubers tare da fusarium na jijiyoyin bugun gini a cikin girbi. daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan, musamman nau'in Udacha (Fig. 2 b).
Yawancin fusarium na jijiyoyin jini a cikin nau'i na latent ya kasance mafi girma a farkon nau'in Zhukovsky ranniy da Rozara, ƙananan a tsakiyar farkon nau'in Nevsky da Radonezhsky, har ma da ƙasa a tsakiyar kakar iri-iri Ladozhsky.
A cikin ƙananan samarwa a cikin 2012, tsaba na ƙananan haifuwa, wanda Fusarium ya shafa a baya-bayan nan, da kuma gurɓataccen ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona, har ma a kan ƙasa mai araha. A bayyane yake, a cikin ƙasa mai hanawa, farfadowa daga kamuwa da cuta da aka tara a cikin 2011 ya kasance a hankali fiye da yadda ya kamata saboda rashin lokaci don kawar da ayyukan fungal.
Hoto.3. Ci gaban taro na Fusarium wilt a cikin filin dankalin turawa (epiphytoty)
A karkashin yanayi na 2013, hazo ya ma fi rashin daidaituwa fiye da na 2012. Bayyanar tsire-tsire da haɓakar dankalin turawa saboda yawan zafin jiki da fari a watan Mayu-Yuni ya faru tare da jinkiri na kusan makonni biyu a lokacin girma, tsire-tsire sun raunana saboda rashin danshi a cikin ƙasa da yanayin zafin rana. Daga kwanaki goma na biyu na Yuli zuwa goma na farko na Oktoba, lokuta biyar tare da kwanaki goma ana maimaita daya bayan daya - daya tare da hazo mai yawa, ɗayan kuma ba tare da hazo ba. Lokaci uku na farko sun faru a yanayin zafi mai girma na rana kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar Fusarium wilt. Sau biyu na gaba na ruwan sama mai yawa da ƙananan yanayin zafi ya sa fusarium rot na tubers ya rikide zuwa rigar ruɓe a cikin ƙasa kafin a fara girbi.
Kayan dasa dankalin turawa a cikin 2013 ya kasance a daɗe yana shafar fusarium na jijiyoyin jini, amma zuwa digiri daban-daban, dangane da iri-iri da yanayin noman sa a gona a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.
A cikin bazara na 2013, mun gano wani alama na ci gaban latent na jijiyoyin bugun gini fusarium a kan dasa kayan dankalin turawa, tubers. A karkashin yanayin samar da kayan aiki iri ɗaya an yi shuka a cikin bazara a yanayin zafi daban-daban kuma an sami sakamako daban-daban. Dankalin da ya tsiro a zafin jiki na 15 ° C ya samar da amfanin gona na 20-25 t/ha, kuma tubers da suka tsiro a lokacin zafi mai zafi na 25-30 ° C sun lalace kafin shuka. Wannan lura ya sa ya yiwu a bayyana yanayin 2006: sa'an nan kuma mun aika wani ɓangare na dankalin dankali zuwa Astrakhan don dasa rani, amma kayan gaba ɗaya ya zama mara amfani a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Hakazalika, dankalin da aka fito da shi iri ɗaya a cikin filayen jamhuriyarmu ya ba da girbi mai kyau.
A fili, a high yanayin zafi, wanda aka lura a cikin Jamhuriyar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a lokacin bazara germination, mu haifar da yanayi a matsayin m ga ci gaban da jijiyoyin bugun gini fusarium a tubers kamar yadda a Astrakhan a lokacin rani dasa.
Don haka, yanayin zafi mai zafi (sama da 20-25 C) yayin haɓakar bazara yana haifar da haɓakar naman gwari a cikin tubers wanda ke shafar fusarium na jijiyoyin jini.
A karkashin yanayi na akai-akai maimaita bushewa daga cikin ƙasa a cikin 2013, duk nau'in dankalin turawa, zuwa mataki daya ko wani, Fusarium wilt ya shafa a cikin filin, kuma tubers sun shafi fusarium na jijiyoyin jini (Fig. 4).
Saboda yawan zafin iska da ƙarancin zafin jiki a lokacin girbi, dankalin da ke shiga wurin ajiya bai bushe sosai ba, don haka a cikin fall, an lura da raguwar tubers a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, wanda dalilin shine fusarium na jijiyoyin bugun gini, wanda ya shafi tubers a cikin filin. Yawancin fusarium na jijiyoyin jini a cikin sigar ɓoye akan dankalin iri na wasu nau'ikan da aka girma a cikin gida ya kai 2014-15% a cikin Fabrairu 20.
a) b)
Shinkafa 4 Alamun fusarium wilt akan tsire-tsire dankalin turawa a cikin 2013:
a) anthocyanin canza launi da nadawa na apical ganye a cikin jirgin ruwa,
b) bushewar bushewa (ruɓe) na ɓangaren ƙasa na tushe.
Takaitaccen
Bayan kamuwa da cuta ta Epiphytotic na dankali da Fusarium wilt a cikin 2011, yaduwar cutar a cikin jamhuriyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara mafi girma ko ƙarami har tsawon shekaru uku. Dole ne a la'akari da cewa a cikin wannan yanayin matakai guda biyu suna ci gaba a lokaci guda. Na farko shine dawo da ƙasa da dankali daga cututtuka. Hanya na biyu shine sabon kamuwa da cuta wanda ya haifar da yanayin maimaitawa kowace shekara wanda ya dace da ci gaban naman gwari.
Dangane da abubuwan da muka lura, bayan kamuwa da cuta 100% tare da fusarium wilt na dankali a cikin 2011, ana samun dawo da ƙasa a hankali da kayan iri daga fusarium na jijiyoyin jini.
Kamar yadda gwaninta na 2012 ya nuna, babban haɗari shine ƙasa wanda girma da mutuwar tsire-tsire da Fusarium ya shafa ya faru. Don haka, dole ne a shuka dankali a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona. A cikin ƙasa mai hanawa, tushen Fusarium wilt an kashe su, amma bayan matsanancin epiphytoties, kamar a cikin 2011, aikin microflora na ƙasa bazai isa ya kashe Fusarium a shekara mai zuwa ba.
Fungi daga cikin halittar Fusarium sune facultative parasites ko saprophytes. Suna rayayye bazuwar tarkacen tsire-tsire da suka faɗi cikin ƙasa, don haka suna yin aiki mai amfani. Amma lokacin da yanayin damuwa ya faru, tsire-tsire masu rauni (rabin-rai) na iya shafar su.
A kan filaye na sirri, aikace-aikacen kaka na takin gargajiya na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka aikin saprophytic na naman gwari a cikin ɓarna sharan ƙwayoyin cuta, da aikace-aikacen bazara, musamman a cikin bazara mai bushe, zai iya, akasin haka, taimakawa wajen bushewa daga ƙasa. da kuma ƙara parasitic aiki na naman gwari.
Kyakkyawan, shayarwa na yau da kullum zai iya haifar da ƙasa mai lafiya da amfanin gona. Rashin ruwa na yau da kullun, wanda ke sa ƙasa ta bushe bayan ban ruwa mai yawa, na iya ƙara cutar Fusarium wilt. Tare da babban danshi na ƙasa, Fusarium yana haɓaka da kyau, kuma tare da bushewa na gaba, yana kai hari ga tsire-tsire masu rauni, tunda yawancin masu adawa da naman gwari a fili suna mutuwa a bushe.
Abubuwan iri da ke shafar fusarium na jijiyoyi a baya-bayan nan na iya samar da amfanin gona maras tasiri, wato, watsa fusarium ga zuriya ba ta ɗari bisa ɗari ba kuma ya dogara da yanayin waje da ke mamaye. Samar da tsire-tsire a cikin filin tare da takin mai magani da danshi yana ba su damar tsayayya da cututtuka.
Ingancin kayan iri yana da matukar mahimmanci: haifuwa mai girma, ba tare da cututtukan hoto ba, suna girma da ƙarfi kuma sun fi tsayayya da lalacewa ta Fusarium wilt.
Wajibi ne don sarrafa ci gaban fusarium lokacin adana tubers. Yawan zafin jiki mai yawa lokacin da germinating tubers a cikin bazara na iya haifar da haɓakar haɓakar naman gwari, wanda zai haifar da jujjuyawar dankali.
Zai yiwu a yi hasashen ci gaban fusarium na jijiyoyin jini dangane da nau'in dankalin turawa - idan lokacin tuberization ya faru a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi da bushewa daga ƙasa mai laushi, to, kamuwa da cuta da ke ɓoye tare da fusarium na jijiyoyin jini zai zama mafi yaduwa.
Lokacin adana tubers tare da ɓoyayyun lalacewa ta hanyar fusarium na jijiyoyin jini, matakan farko suna da mahimmanci musamman - bushewa, lokacin warkewa, sanyaya. Wajibi ne a bushe danshi a kan tubers da sauri, tun da taimakonsa kamuwa da cuta ya karu, sa'an nan kuma aljihu na rigar rot ya bayyana. Idan tubers sun zo cikin rigar ajiya (kamar yadda a cikin 2013), ya zama dole a bushe su a kowane lokaci har sai an cire danshi gaba daya daga saman tubers.
Don canza halin da ake ciki tare da tushen rot da kuma magance Fusarium zai lalata lokacin da ƙasa ta bushe, ya zama dole don ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, gabatar da amfanin gona na taki a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona, da ƙirƙirar mulch Layer wanda ke rage canjin danshi a cikin ƙasa.
Iri da aka girma a yankunan kudanci na iya samun kamuwa da cuta mafi girma tare da fusarium na jijiyoyin jini saboda yanayin zafi da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna.
Hasashen 2014
A 2014 shekara Fusarium na jijiyoyin bugun gini zai zama ƙasa da abin da dasa shuki dankalin turawa saboda bayyanar cutar da kuma culling tubers da abin ya shafa a cikin fall yayin girbi. Ci gaba da bunkasa cutar a kan tsire-tsire a cikin filin zai dogara ne akan yanayin germination da yanayin yanayi a lokacin girma. Domin tsire-tsire su tsayayya da cututtuka, ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi kyau a gare su.
Ƙarin shawarwari don kare dankali daga Fusarium wilt:
- yi amfani da manyan haifuwa don dasa shuki (super elite, elite, haifuwa na farko), waɗanda ke da ƙarfin haɓaka girma kuma suna iya tsayayya da cututtuka;
- girma iri tare da lokutan girma daban-daban don rage haɗarin lokacin tuberization daidai da lokacin da ya dace don haɓakar Fusarium wilt;
- tubers ya kamata a germinated bayan rarrabawa a zafin jiki wanda bai wuce 8-15 ° C ba, guje wa samuwar tsayi mai tsayi;
- kar a zurfafa - matsakaicin zurfin dasa kada ya wuce diamita na tubers - 5-6 cm;
- kula da tsarin zafin jiki lokacin dasa shuki - mafi kyawun zafin jiki na ƙasa a zurfin shuka shine 8 ° C (kwanaki goma na biyu na Mayu). Idan akwai ƙasa mai laushi da ɗumamar iska kwatsam zuwa 25-30 ° C, muna ba da shawarar jinkirta dasa shuki na kwana ɗaya ko biyu don mai da hankali kan ayyukan naman gwari akan ayyukan saprotrophic don sarrafa ragowar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa;
- shuka dankali a kan manyan gonaki a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona na gonaki 4-5, kuma akan filaye na sirri - tare da canjin amfanin gona da aikace-aikacen takin gargajiya;
- kula da yanayin saman saman ƙasa - ƙasa ya kamata a kwance a zurfin 20 cm;
- gudanar da maganin dasa shuki na tubers (yana haɓaka haɓakar shuka kuma yana haɓaka haɓakar shuka, don haka yana ba da kariya daga cututtuka):
- shirye-shiryen microbiological - "Fitosporin MF", "Flavobacterin" + "Agrofil", "Extrasol";
- kwayoyin aiki kwayoyi - "Zircon", "Siliplant", "Epin-Extra", "Melafen", "Albit", humates, da dai sauransu.;
- yi amfani da takin mai magani na asali a cikin ƙididdiga masu yawa don amfanin da aka tsara, dangane da wadatar ban ruwa, wadatar ƙasa, da kuma hanyar aikace-aikacen;
- a lokacin lokacin budding da tuberization a cikin yanayin samarwa, aiwatar da ciyar da foliar sau biyu tare da "Aquarin" (Sun nuna inganci sosai, kuma, abin da ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da yanayin fari na damuwa ya shiga, an lura da sakamakon a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan, don haka. "Aquarin" ana iya kiransa "ambulance"); a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi na al'ada da ban ruwa, tasirin duk sauran magungunan ilimin halitta yana da girma;
- kar a bar ƙasa ta bushe lokacin ban ruwa dankali;
- yanka fitattun kwanaki 7-10 kafin girbi don toshe fatun tuber;
- kulawa ta musamman ga bushewar tubers lokacin adana su a cikin shekaru tare da yanayin rigar;
– guje wa gumi da zubar da ruwa na tubers yayin ajiya.