Daga mujallar: No. 1 2016
Category: Yanki
JAHANNAMA. Andrianov, DA. Andrianov,
FSBEI HPE Bashkir Jami'ar Agrarian State
Yankin Jamhuriyar Belarus: Kilomita dubu 1432
Yawan jama'a: 4 mutane, wanda 071% mazauna birni ne.
Matsayi na yanki: Jamhuriyar tana kan gangaren yamma na Kudancin Urals da Cis-Urals.
Sauyin yanayi Nahiyar, tare da danshi, lokacin zafi mai zafi da lokacin sanyi. Yanayin yana canzawa akai-akai saboda matsayin yankin tsakanin guguwar da ke fitowa daga wurare masu zafi, Tekun Atlantika, Arctic da Siberiya.
Matsakaicin zafin Janairu: -18°, matsakaicin yanayin Yuli: +18°. Amma waɗannan alkaluman na iya bambanta ga yankuna daban-daban: ridges na Urals, wanda aka shimfiɗa daga arewa zuwa kudu, haifar da bambanci mai mahimmanci a yanayin yanayi a kan gangaren yamma da gabas. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara yana raguwa a shugabanci daga yamma zuwa gabas. Ci gaba da sauye-sauye zuwa yanayin zafi sama da sifili yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki goma na farko na Afrilu, kuma zuwa yanayin zafi kasa-sifili a cikin kwanaki goma na uku na Oktoba. Tsawon lokacin rufe dusar ƙanƙara shine kwanaki 155 (a cikin gandun daji-steppe da yanki), kwanaki 175 (a cikin gandun daji na dutse).
Bashkortostan yana da wadata a cikin ruwan saman. Akwai koguna kusan dubu 13 da tafkuna sama da dubu (ciki har da tafki) a cikin jamhuriyar.
Taimako: bambanta sosai, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin yanki, tsarin ƙasa da tsarin tectonic na yankin. Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin fili ne da tuddai (wanda ya fi dacewa da noma) akwai tsaunuka, tudu, tuddai, da tuddai.
Ilsasa: Kashi 32% na ƙasan ƙasan chernozem suna mamaye da ƙasa, 28% ƙasan gandun daji mai launin toka, 25,1% ta ƙasan dutse. Bugu da ƙari, akwai yankunan sod-podzolic (arewacin jamhuriyar), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau da arewa maso gabas gandun daji-steppe zone), hydromorphic da kuma makiyaya-chernozem kasa. A kudancin Cis-Urals da Trans-Urals, an lura da wuraren rarraba solonetzes, solonchaks da solonchak iri-iri na chernozems da ƙasa makiyaya.
Yankin ƙasar noma: kimanin hekta miliyan 8, wanda kusan kadada miliyan 5 ne filayen noma
Dankali girma a Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan. Matakin zamani
Dankali yana daya daga cikin muhimman amfanin gona na abinci a Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, duka cin abinci na "gurasa na biyu" (har zuwa 180 kg / mutum) da kuma samarwa (har zuwa 270 kg / mutum) ya karu a cikin Jamhuriyar. A halin yanzu, a gonaki na kowane nau'i na mallakar, yankin dashen dankalin turawa ya kai kadada dubu 93,5.
Manyan gonakin kasuwanci na Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan suna da gogewa wajen samun yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa a kan manyan yankuna. A cikin jerin 100 mafi kyawun gonakin kasuwanci a cikin Tarayyar Rasha don 2005 - 2008. a matsayi na 46 shine SPK KLH mai suna. gundumar Salavat Meleuzovsky, a cikin 74th wuri - State Unitary Enterprise for wucin gadi ajiya "Dmitrievsky", a cikin 96th wuri - State Unitary Enterprise for wucin gadi ajiya "Alekseevsky" da kuma a 100th wuri - Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm mai suna bayan. Salavat, gundumar Sterlitamak. Don haka, a cikin AKH im. Salavat, gundumar Meleuzovsky, a kan wani yanki na hectare 330, yawan amfanin ƙasa na shekara-shekara shine 35 t / ha. A gonar Alekseevsky a cikin yankin Ufa, yanki na hectare 100 yana samar da tubers masu kasuwa a 32-42 t / ha. SEC "Sun" na gundumar Ilishevsky, a kan wani yanki na fiye da kadada 300, yana tattara tubers masu kasuwa a 16 - 25 t / ha. Gonar jihar Shemyak, a kan wani yanki na fiye da kadada 600, yana samar da 12-16 t / ha na tubers masu kasuwa. Farmakin gona "Agli" na gundumar Chishminsky a kan wani yanki na hectare 400 yana karɓar nau'in dankalin turawa iri na 30 - 42 t / ha na shekaru masu yawa.
Duk da haka, a gaba ɗaya, matakin noman dankalin turawa a Jamhuriyar Belarus ya ragu sosai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai masu zuwa. 1. Rashin tsarin samar da irin dankalin turawa da karancin nau'in nau'in da suka fara girma, gami da kusan rashin kasancewar irin na zamani da wuri-wuri da tsakiyar farkon shuka a cikin shuka. Ana adana kayan dashen da ke wanzu a cikin wuraren da ba su dace ba idan ba a bi tsarin ajiya ba. Don dasa shuki, kayan shuka ba batun shirye-shiryen tushen kimiyya bane. 2. Babban cin zarafi na horon fasaha yayin noman sa. 3. Sau da yawa ana samun rashin juyar da amfanin gona na musamman. 4. Kasancewar tsarin ruwa mara tsari a cikin shuka. 5. Yin amfani da ma'adinai da takin mai magani ba bisa ka'ida ba. 6. Rashin bin ingantattun kwanakin shuka tare da ƙarancin isasshen yawa. Yin amfani da tsarin dasa mara ma'ana tare da zurfin dasa tuber mara kyau. 7. Cin zarafin da ake bukata don mafi kyau duka sako-sako da sako-free jihar na horar da ƙasa Layer - duka a cikin layuka da kuma tsakanin layuka a lokacin dasa shuki. 8. Rashin tsarin kare tsirrai daga cututtuka. 9. Abubuwan yanayi na yanayi, mummunan yanayi a lokacin girma. 10. Rashin hadadden injuna na musamman na zamani, kayan aikin noman dankali da wuraren ajiya. 11. Dalilai na ƙungiyoyi saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin aiki a lokacin noma da rashin ilimin al'adun farkon dankali da fasaha ta masu wasan kwaikwayo. 12. Rashin shiri na gonaki (tattalin arziki, fasaha da tsari) don samar da inganci da inganci sosai, kodayake sun fara nuna sha'awar dankalin iri na asali. 13. Rashin tsarin don sanar da yawan jama'a game da sababbin iri da halayensu, rashin wuraren da zasu sayar da iri na dankali a kananan karuwa. 14. Rashin kididdiga akan noman dankalin turawa da wuri. 15. Rashin tsarin horar da ma'aikata a kowane mataki na hadadden samfurin dankalin turawa. 16. Rashin agrometeoposts akan filayen gwaji.
A halin yanzu, samar da dankalin turawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Belarus yana mai da hankali ne a cikin mutum da ƙananan sassa (95-97% na jimlar yanki na shuka), wato, dankali ya zama kusan amfanin gona na lambu.
A cikin manyan gonakin kasuwanci ana shuka shi ne kawai a kan wani yanki na hectare dubu 3,0 da kuma gonakin manoma (manoma) a kan wani yanki na kadada dubu 1,0. A lokaci guda, akwai yanayin da ake iya gani a fili game da tattara dankalin turawa. A cikin gundumomi takwas na Jamhuriyar Belarus (daga cikin 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa da Chishminsky - fiye da rabin (60%) na yankin dasa ya mayar da hankali a gonakin kasuwanci, 76,6% na ana samar da dankali, kuma yawan amfanin gona ya haura matsakaicin matsakaicin kasa a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata da 144...211%.
Wannan ma ya fi fitowa fili a gonakin manoma. A cikin gundumomi biyar - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa da Chishminsky - 57,4% na yanki da aka girbe a ƙarƙashin dankali da 59,8% na ainihin girbin tuber an tattara su, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya fi matsakaicin matsakaicin Jamhuriyar Belarus ta 128,7 - 440,7 % a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata. A cikin shekaru bakwai da suka gabata, amfanin dankalin turawa a gonakin kasuwanci da na manoma ya fi girma fiye da gonaki masu zaman kansu.
Ba tare da samar da bincike na kimiyya kan nazarin ilimin halittun dankalin turawa ba da kuma haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ceton albarkatu hadedde fasahar noma na amfanin gona tare da duk abin da ya wajaba, ba tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana (daga masu sarrafa injin zuwa manajoji da shugabannin masana'antu), ba tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana ba. cikakken saitin injunan noman dankalin turawa na zamani da kayan aiki, ba tare da hanzari da tallafin bayanai masu inganci ba, ba zai yuwu a yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni a yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha da kamfanonin kasashen waje nan gaba kadan ba.
Sanin ci gaba
A cikin ra'ayinmu, don haɓaka samar da dankali a kan tushen masana'antu, haɓaka ingancin dankalin tebur da samfuran dankalin turawa, haɓaka kasuwa da ribar amfanin gona a Bashkortostan, ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Dankali, tare da haɗa nau'ikan da ke akwai. da sabon tsarin cikin hadaddun guda ɗaya.
Wajibi ne don haɓakawa, amincewa da amfani da shirin yanki na dogon lokaci don haɓaka samarwa, ajiya, sarrafawa da siyar da dankali a cikin Jamhuriyar Belarus don 2016 - 2020.
A cikin tsarin cibiyar dankalin turawa da kuma shirin haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar dankalin turawa, ƙirƙirar Tarin Dankali na Jamhuriyar Belarus.
Dangane da nazarin halin da ake ciki na noman dankalin turawa a Jamhuriyar Belarus, wuraren da aka ba da fifiko wajen bunkasa noman dankalin turawa a cikin jamhuriyar sun hada da:
- haɓakawa da haɓaka binciken kimiyya a cikin al'adun dankalin turawa daga ilmin halitta zuwa siyar da samfurin ƙarshe;
- haɓaka matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin gonakin kasuwanci da manoma zuwa 30 t/ha;
– sannu a hankali canja wurin masana’antun noman dankalin turawa zuwa fasahar injin zamani don samarwa, adanawa da sarrafawa;
- rage farashin kowace naúrar samarwa da tabbatar da amfani da kayan aiki da kuɗi na tattalin arziki da muhalli;
- haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da yuwuwar nau'ikan amfanin gona na gida;
- haɓaka tsarin samar da iri na zamani na tushen kimiyya da sabbin ƙa'idodin fasaha don samar da dankalin iri na asali, fitattu da haifuwa;
- gabatarwa da kuma tsananin bin tsarin takaddun shaida na dankalin turawa iri wanda ya dogara da dokokin zamani na Tarayyar Rasha da Jamhuriyar Belarus da GOSTs;
- ƙirƙirar abubuwan more rayuwa don kasuwar iri (ciki har da filaye masu zaman kansu), abinci da dankalin masana'antu;
Don haka, ci gaba da haɓakar dankalin turawa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da Belarus ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da inganta kimiyyar gida ba, ingantaccen amfani da sabbin albarkatun kwayoyin halitta, nasarorin da aka samu a cikin ilimin halittar jiki, fasahar kere kere, kiwo, da samar da iri.*, phytopathology, entomology da kariyar shuka da samar da amfanin gona, da kuma saurin haɓaka fasahar noma mai inganci a aikin gona.
Babban sharuɗɗan da suka wajaba don gabatarwa da haɓaka sabbin abubuwa a cikin shuka dankalin turawa sune kamar haka:
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- samuwar fasahohin noma na dankalin turawa da suka tabbatar da tasiri a fannin tattalin arziki da muhalli;
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- Tallafin jihohi ga kamfanonin noma da ke kula da sabbin fasahohin noma na dankalin turawa;
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- tsarin bayanai a matakin jiha da na birni game da al'adar haɓaka sabbin fasahohin noma na dankalin turawa da tasirin tattalin arzikin da aka samu daga wannan.
*A cikin yankin Ural da Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan a cikin 2015, an haɗa nau'ikan iri iri a cikin Rijistar Jiha na Tarayyar Rasha kuma an yarda da su don amfani: ƙarin nau'ikan farkon - Meteor, Charoit; farkon ripening - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky farkon, Kamensky, Jagora, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (lambu iri-iri); tsakiyar farkon - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, Satumba (lambu iri-iri), Fairy Tale, Madam, Juyin Halitta, Excellence, Effect; tsakiyar kakar - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (lambu iri-iri), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; tsakiyar marigayi - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.