Sanya Banadysev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
Karshen. Farkon labarin yana cikin mujallar "Tsarin Dankali" Na 2 (2020)
Kamar yadda aka lura a sashin farko na wannan labarin, a noman iri na dankalin turawa, ya zama dole a dogara da maganin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta saboda tsananin su. A cikin Rasha, an gabatar da haƙurin haƙuri don ɓoye kamuwa da cuta, ƙaddara ta hanyoyin binciken ƙwayoyin cuta. Kowane kamfani ya kamata ya ci gaba da lura da abubuwan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar da kuma kimanta matakin cutar, tunda cutarwa na jinsin aphids ya banbanta. Amfani da yanayin yanki a cikin samar da iri yana da tasiri ƙwarai, tunda yanayin yanayi yana tasiri tasirin asalin cutar.
Tebur 4. Dynamics na lokacin bazara da nau'ikan nau'ikan fuka-fukai masu dauke da kwayoyi, filin VNIIKH
Suna (nau'in) na aphids | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kwakwalwa. | % | kwakwalwa. | % | kwakwalwa. | % | |
Peach kore | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
Buckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
Dankalin turawa na kowa | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Black wake | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
Babban dankalin turawa | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
Fis | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Jimla: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
A cikin kayan VNIIKH da VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), an lura cewa canje-canje a cikin ilimin halittu na phytofauna sun haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin mafi yawan nau'in cutukan aphids - koren peach. Idan a shekarar 1970-1971. (Gundumar Ramenskiy, yankin Moscow) wannan sararin samaniyar ya kasance a matsayi na huɗu daga cikin jinsunan da aka gano, sannan bayan shekaru 35 ya zama babba (Tables 4, 5).
A cikin yankin Leningrad, ana lura da matsakaicin adadin aphids a kan dankali daga tsakiyar watan Yuli zuwa farkon watan Agusta, kuma irin waɗannan nau'o'in kamar buckthorn da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa sun fi yawa (Berim M.N., 2017). Ana samun yawancin aphids na yau da kullun da yawa a yankunan yamma da kudu maso yamma na yankin. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙwararrun masanan VIZR, a cikin yankunan tsakiya da gabas matsakaicin adadin aphids ya kai mutane 300-600 a cikin ganye 100 (lokacin da 40-70% na tsire-tsire ke da yawa), wanda shine matsakaicin matakin yawan jama'a; a cikin ƙasashen yamma - 1000-1400 mutane (har zuwa 100% na tsire-tsire da ake zaune) - babban matakin yawan jama'a. Nazarin jirgin aphids a kudu (Kotlassky district) da arewa (Kholmogorsky district) Arkhangel
yanki a cikin 2017-2018 akan dasa dankalin turawa (Popova LA et al., 2019) ya nuna babu peach aphid kuma, gabaɗaya, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarancin ƙasa da sigogin IVD na Turai na kakar (Table 6).
Samar da dankali iri a cikin yankuna masu tsananin sanyi, babban ruwan sama, ƙarancin yanayin zafi yana rage haɗarin yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Sau da yawa, musamman a cikin Netherlands, yanayin bakin teku da kuma sakamakon yaduwar iska mai ƙarfi ana ɗauka abubuwan da suka dace. Haka ne, aphids masu tashiwa suna haɓaka sosai lokacin da saurin iska bai kai 3 m / s ba. Amma idan muka kwatanta wardi na iska a yankuna daban-daban (Fig. 6), ya zama a sarari cewa aphid din Dutch tana da isassun damar buga dankalin da wutsiyar wutsiya: yiwuwar ba ta gaza 35% ba. Wato, aƙalla kwana biyu iska a kan masu jefa ƙuri'a da gaske tana kadawa daga teku, kuma kowace rana ta uku - daga kudu ko daga gabas. Don sanya shi da kyau, aphid a bakin tekun yana aiki bisa ga jadawalin: kwana biyu daga baya. "Iskar ta busa daga teku" wata dabara ce ta talla ta kasuwanci, yana da saurin dogaro da shi kawai a fagen cutar da ke yaduwa.
Tebur 5. Dynamics na lokacin bazara da nau'ikan halittar fuka-fuka masu dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta, 2016
Suna (nau'in) na aphids | Yawan aphids, duka | Ciki har da watanni, shekaru | ||||
Yuli | august | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
EB "Korenevo", Luberetskiy gundumar, yankin Moscow | ||||||
Peach kore | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
Dankalin turawa na kowa | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Black wake | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Cicada | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Jimla: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
Eb "Ilyinskoe", gundumar Domodedovsky, yankin Moscow | ||||||
Peach kore | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Dankalin turawa na kowa | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Black wake | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
Cicada | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Jimla: Aphids | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
Cicada | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Tebur 6. Nau'in aphids da tarkunan rawaya suka kama a cikin 2017-2018.
Iri | Gundumar Kotlas | Gundumar Kholmogorsky | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||
Jimlar, inji mai kwakwalwa. | % | Jimlar, inji mai kwakwalwa. | % | Jimlar, inji mai kwakwalwa. | % | Jimlar, inji mai kwakwalwa. | % | |
Aulacorthum SolaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
Aphis fabae Scop. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
Hyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
Macrosiffum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
Sitobion avenae na F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
Capitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoecia Corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brachycaudus cardui Kalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cinara Costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
Rhopalosiphum shigar da Walk. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
kawai | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
Matsakaicin sauya sannu a hankali na noman dankalin turawa zuwa wasu yankuna na arewa tare da matsi mai rauni. Kamfanoni na zamani suna aiki a cikin Kostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, yankuna Arkhangelsk, Karelia. Ana amfani da tasirin Primorsky a yankin Kaliningrad. Babu shakka, amfani da yanayin yanayi da keɓancewar sararin samaniya a cikin yaƙi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta yana ba wa kamfanonin arewa fa'idodi masu fa'ida. A gaban irin wannan damar na halitta, ci gaba da tsunduma cikin samar da iri na dankalin turawa a cikin CCZ, yankin Volga, har ma da ƙari kudu, haɗari ne mara dalili. Gabaɗaya, a ganina, yakamata a sanya ƙwararrun dankalin turawa sama da kwatankwacin 54, inda matsakaita na wata-wata bai wuce 20 baоС, kuma yawan hazo a lokacin girma ya fi 260 mm. Yanayin yanayi mai dadi bawai kawai ya banbanta shi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba, amma kuma yana tabbatar da samuwar kyawawan halayen ofa qualitiesan itace. Dankali yana cikin damuwa kuma yana mai da martani mara kyau a cikin zuriyarsu zuwa yanayin iska da yanayin ƙasa da ƙarancin danshi. Nisan arewa yafi kyau? A'a, akwai ƙuntatawa daga arewa da gabas - lokacin da babu sanyi zai zama aƙalla kwanaki 100, jimlar yanayin zafi mai aiki dole ne ya wuce digiri 1200. Ofididdigar noman iri na arewa yana da iyakance ta matsalolin kayan aiki, ƙungiyar samarwa, rashin isassun kayan aiki da ƙasa masu dacewa. Zai zama mai kyau a jagorantar albarkatun noman dankalin turawa da samar da irin shuka a shekarar 2018-2025 don kirkirar yanki daya don iri na arewa da ke girma a kasar mai girman sikeli, amma wannan shirin bai kai irin wannan matakin fahimtar matsalolin yanzu da kuma tasiri ba, wuraren ci gaban ci gaba.
Matsayin al'adun shinge
Ya kamata a yi amfani da albarkatun shinge a cikin samar da iri a kowane matakin matsi na vector. Bambancin launi tsakanin kayan tsire-tsire da ƙasa mara tsirara an nuna su don jan hankalin aphids, yana haifar da ƙarin aphids zuwa ƙasa akan tsire-tsire masu tsauri. A matsayin tashar sauka, aphids suna la’akari da duk wani yanki na kasar da babu kowa - gibba, tabo, cire tsire-tsire sama da uku a jere a yayin tsabtace jiki, layukan masu feshi da kayan yayyafa. Rage yawan adadin kasar da ke zagaye da tsakanin tsirrai dankalin turawa yana rage yawan adadin aphids da ke kwarara. Dangane da haka, barin kowane yanki wanda tsire-tsire basu mamaye shi ba, ya kasance yana raba layuka, iyakar filayen, yana da kyau, amma yana haifar da yaduwar cututtukan hoto (hoto 11).
Daidai ne a sanya albarkatun shuki a kusa da shuke-shuke dankalin turawa, kuma a bar baƙar tururi, hanyoyi a bayansu (hoto 12, 13). A wannan yanayin, aphid yana nuna bambanci game da bambancin launi kuma ya daidaita akan tsire-tsire na al'adun shinge. Yayin ciyarwa ko gwaji
allurai, an cire kayan aikin bakinta daga kwayar cuta. Tunda albarkatun shukar ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta, aphids sun zama "masu tsabta" ko ƙananan kamuwa yayin da suke motsawa zuwa dankalin turawa. Wannan yana aiki yadda ya kamata ga yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, ban da FLRV.
Yankin da amfanin gona mai shinge ya tsiro ya zama tarko mai tasiri ga masu adon idan yana da metersan mitoci kaɗan, wucewa ɗaya ko biyu na rawar. Zabin albarkatun gona ya isa sosai, babban abu shine cewa basu dauke da kwayar cutar dankalin turawa. Masarar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce alkama, hatsin rai, sha'ir, gero, dawa, ryegrass, da sauransu. (hoto 14). Mai hankali, amma yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman akan makircin iri, zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙirƙirar shinge ga aphids suna shuka kusa da makiyaya da filayen ciyayi (hoto na 13) da dasa filin kewaye da kewayen da dankali (hoto 15). Koyaya, dole ne mutum ya san cewa babu haɗarin haɗuwa da nau'ikan kawai idan aka sanya iri da yawa a filin ɗaya.
Idan ba a yi amfani da amfanin gona na shinge ba, to yana da ma'ana a shuka zuriya ta kayan samin kariya na tsire-tsire tare da kewayen fiye da babban tsararren ko amfani da amfanin gona daga layuka na waje don dalilai na cin abinci. A cikin noman iri na dankalin turawa, ana amfani da wani nau'in shingen launi - mulching kasar gona da itacen oat ko gero (hoto 16). Farin launin fari wanda yake nunawa yana tunkude aphids kuma yana hana su banbancin launin launi tsakanin ƙasa mara ƙira da tsire-tsire dankalin turawa. A bayyane yake cewa ana iya amfani da wannan fasaha kawai akan ƙananan filaye.
Tsirrai masu tsari
Tsari na shuke-shuke don kariya daga aphids ɗauke da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samar da iri na dankalin turawa bai bazu ba. Kodayake sakonnin lokaci-lokaci kan wannan batun suna bayyana, kuma ana samun sutura iri biyu harma ta kasuwanci. Na farko ya hada da raga da aka yi da zaren roba (wani nau'in maganin sauro, hoto na 17), a cikin sifa mai fadi. Yawo aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids ba zai iya shiga cikin sel kasa da 0,6 mm. A lokaci guda, godiya ga shekaru da yawa na binciken masana kimiyyar New Zealand (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), an tabbatar da cewa koda a ƙarƙashin raga da ƙwayoyin 0,3 mm, akwai aphids da yawa. yaya? Ilimin abincin kwari yana da karfi sosai. Aphids suna samun dankali a karkashin murfin. Ba za ta iya shiga kanta ba, da kyau, har ila yau akwai yara - nymphs masu ƙanƙanta (hoto 18), waɗanda aphid ta haifa nan da nan da rai da yunwa. Suna rarrafe ta cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin. Kuma a karkashin murfin sun fara ninka cikin sauri. Ta yadda zasu jawo hankalin masu farauta bi da bi. Wanene kuma dole ne ya gano yadda za a shawo kan mafaka. Hoto na 19 - ƙwai ɗin da aka saka, waɗanda aka ɗora ta hanyar mahalli.
Wani mummunan tasirin saƙar raga shine ƙaruwar zafin jiki. Karamin girman kwayar halitta, gwargwadon yanayin zafin yake tashi. A 0,3 mm, yawan zafin jiki da ke ƙarƙashin murfin ya fi kashi 30% bisa ga asalin halitta. Abu na uku shine rashin shigar ciki a ƙarkashin garkuwar kayayyakin kariya na tsire-tsire. Masu haɓakawa da masu bin wannan fasaha ana tilasta su bayar da shawarar maimaita amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙasa tare da tasirin sakamako. Don gabatar da su, kuna buƙatar tada mafaka, ba shakka, ba na ɗan lokaci ba, wanda ke sa yanayin keɓewar ya zama yanayi mai kyau.
Na huɗu, matsuguni ba ya ba da izinin tsaftacewa, kuma lokacin da yake girma dankali dankali, suna da mahimmanci, har ma a cikin mafi girman rukunoni. Na biyar, babban tsananin aiki. Tare da taimakon fasaha, zaku iya kwance da sake kunna kayan (hoto 20). Amma dole ne ka miƙa hannunka, ka riƙe ka rufe da ƙasa. Ofungiyar mutane 10 ta rufe kusan hekta 3 a kowane motsi. Tunda aikin duniya yana da wahala a zahiri, ingancin foda ya dogara da sanin ma'aikata. Idan ba a yi amfani da ƙasa sosai ba, aƙalla a wurare, to saboda tsananin iska daga iska mai ƙarfi, kayan sun ɓarke, kuma dole ne a sake dawo da tasirin mafaka. Kuma na ƙarshe - babban farashin kayan salula, daga dala dubu 5 zuwa 10 a kowace kadada, tare da lokacin talla na shekaru 10.
Abubuwan da ba a saka da sutura ba - ulu, spunbond, agrospan - sun ma fi dacewa da samar da iri na dankalin turawa. Babbar manufar su ita ce kare kariya daga sanyi da hanzarta nunannun kayan lambu. Zasu iya samar da kariya mai tsauri daga aphids, tunda basu da kwaya. Amma kawai yayin kiyaye mutunci, wanda yake da wahalar kiyayewa. Kayan da ke da kauri na microns 17-40 ana iya sauƙaƙewa ta iska, ƙanƙara, dabbobin daji, tayoyin abin hawa (hoto na 21). Sauran rashin fa'ida sun fi yawa ko lessasa da waɗanda muka yi magana a kansu lokacin da muke bayanin suturar salon salula. Tunda kayan abin rufewa mara nauyi ne, to, farashin sa a kowane lokaci yayi kwatankwacin farashin raga - $ 600-700 / ha. Tsarin yanayin zafin jiki da tasirin samar da kayayyakin kariya na tsire-tsire ba su da kyau. A lokacin rani, yanayin zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan matsuguni na iya shawo kan sandar digiri 40, wanda babu wata tambaya game da yanayin ɗabi'ar dankali na yau da kullun, tuberization da tarin amfanin gona ya tsaya. Akwai wata ma'ana a cikin amfani da kayan suturar da ba a saka ba kawai a farkon lokacin girma - nan da nan bayan samuwar tudu da gabatarwar ciyawar ƙasa, rufe shi, idan har an cire shi a farkon samuwar stolon. Don haka, za a amintar da shuke-shuke daga kamuwa da cuta a cikin mawuyacin lokaci, amma zai yiwu a guje wa mummunan tasirin mafakar a kan tarin fuka, amfanin ƙasa da ingancin matakan kariya. Kodayake kashi 90% na masu noman iri suna ganin wannan aikin noman bashi da wani amfani, tunda shuke-shuke zasu kasance cikin rufin kwanuka 20-25 kawai.
Mai ma'adinai
An fara samar da mai na ma'adinai don hana yaduwar kwayar a cikin shekarun 60 kuma yanzu masu shuka dankalin turawa suna amfani da shi ko'ina cikin duniya (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Paraffinic mai na ma'adinai yana samar da kyakkyawan hana yaduwar kwayar cuta. An san nau'ikan da yawa a kasuwa (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Oil, Purespray / 13E), duk waɗannan samfuran an yarda dasu don amfani dasu a harkar noma.
An nuna ma'adinan ma'adanai don rage ikon aphids don ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ɗorewa ta hanyoyi uku: canza halin ciyarwa; suna da tasirin kwari kai tsaye kuma suna canza hulɗar ƙwayar cuta tare da aphids ta yadda hanyar rikicewar cutar ta rikice.
1. Tasiri kan halayen aphids. Shiga cikin salo a cikin shuka ya jinkirta lokacin da aka fesa shuka da mai na ma'adinai. Idan ana kula da tsire-tsire tare da mai na ma'adinai, adadin aphids da ke fara ciyarwa a cikin sakan 30 na farko akan shuka an rage da kashi 50%. Bugu da kari, man suna da kyau ga aphids, amma suna wuce kimanin mintuna 30 bayan sun fesa ruwa.
2. Kai tsaye aikin kwari kan aphids. Yawancin karatu sun nuna lalata kai tsaye na aphids ƙarƙashin tasirin mai na ma'adinai. Kamar kowane maganin kashe kwari, tasirin mai na ma'adinai ya dogara da tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da shi. Idan an yayyafa mai a ganyen kafin koren pehid aphid ya bayyana, yawan mace-mace daga 11,7 zuwa 20,8% (Martin et al., 2004). An yi amfani da feshi bayan da ganyen peach aphid ya sami mulkin mallaka ya haifar da mutuwar 80% (Martin et al. 2006). Man shafawa sun fi tasiri yayin da yawan ƙarancin aphid ya yi ƙasa.
3. Rage yaduwar kwayar cutar. An gano cewa mai na ma'adinai yana hana kwayar cutar ci gaba a bakin aphid da kuma a kan salo. Yawanci, barbashin PVY na iya kasancewa akan salo na koren pehid na peah na kimanin awanni 17 bayan ciyarwa akan tsire-tsire mai cutar. Koyaya, maganin mai na tsirrai yana haifar da lokacin riƙe ƙwayoyin cuta na mintuna 2 kawai (Wrobel B., 2009), wanda ya rage adadin kamuwa da cutar ta 50-70% idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawar da ba a kula da ita ba (Powell et al., 1998; Boiteau et al. , 2008).
Haɗuwa da waɗannan abubuwan yana sanya man ma'adinai ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da suka fi dacewa wajen yaƙi da yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. A wannan yanayin, mafi girman sakamako za a iya cimma tare da sarrafa yau da kullun na dukkanin filin.
Akwai alamomi da yawa don amfanin mai. Da fari dai, ana iya amfani da su kawai a farkon rabin kakar girma, kafin samuwar tubers. Amfani mai inganci lita ɗaya ce a kowace rana, watau idan an shirya kariya na kwanaki 5, to adadin ya zama 5 l / ha, idan na kwanaki 10, to 10 l / ha. Amma tare da adadi mai yawa, ba shi yiwuwa a kiyaye ƙuntatawa mai zuwa - ƙimar mafi kyau a cikin ruwa ita ce 1,0-1,5%. Sama da kashi 2% na mai, ana lura da ƙona ganye mai tsanani, kwatankwacin alamun Alternaria (Hotuna 22, 23).
Yawan man da ake samu a hukumance a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ya isa sosai. Kamfanonin gargajiya na paraffin suna wakiltar nau'ikan Shirye-shiryen 30 Plus (NPF Sober) da Olemix (Sumitomo), masu satar mai - Mero (Bayer) da Rapsol (Elite Agrosystems) kuma akwai shiri guda ɗaya wanda aka haɗa akan malathion da mai na ma'adinai - Prophylactin ( Agusta). Babu ɗayansu da ke da izinin kai tsaye don amfani da shi azaman kashe kansa a kan ɗankalin itacen iri. Kuma gabaɗaya, ba a sanya su matsayin hanyoyin kariya ba, amma a matsayin masu talla - kayan aikin jika wanda ke ƙara tasirin magungunan ƙwari. Amma a cikin wannan ƙarfin babu ƙuntatawa don amfani.
Tsarin farashin mai a yau daga 150 (Shiri 30 Plusari) zuwa 700 (Mero) rubles / lita. Suna haɗu da kyau tare da kowane kayan kariya na tsire-tsire, amma akwai bayani game da abubuwan da ba'a so yayin haɗuwa da Ranman Top, kayan aikin Shirlan, kayan jan ƙarfe da sulphur na ƙunshe da magungunan takin zamani, tare da maganin kwari na Biscay. Don tabbatar da ci gaba da sarrafa aphids, ana amfani da mai mafi kyau shi kaɗai ko a haɗe tare da magungunan ƙwari, a tsakanin tsakanin aikace-aikacen kayan gwari da magungunan kwari.
Maganin kwari
Don gina ingantaccen tsari don amfani da sinadarai don magance ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, ya zama dole a fahimci hanyoyin biyu don yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta ta aphids. Ana yada kwayar cutar dankalin turawa ci gaba da yaduwa. Yana shiga kwayar halittar aphid, kwarin ya kasance mai yaduwa a tsawon rayuwarsa. Wannan nau'in watsa yana buƙatar dogon lokacin ciyarwa. Cutar kwayar cuta mai inganci-zuwa-aphid na daukar a kalla mintuna 10-20, kuma ana bukatar irin wannan lokacin na yaduwar kwayar zuwa lafiyayyen shuka. Sakamakon haka, dole ne aphids su kasance akan tsiron na dogon lokaci. Manyan dankalin turawa masu mulkin mallaka biyu, da peach dankalin turawa aphid Myzus persicae da dankakken dankalin Macrosiphum euphorbiae, sune manyan masu dauke da kwayar cutar. Haka kuma, pehid aphid yana da sau 10 mafi girman karfin yaduwa idan aka kwatanta da dankalin turawa. Yanayin watsawa mai ɗorewa yana da sauƙin sarrafawa. Duk magungunan kwari suna da tasiri a wannan yanayin. Saboda haka, abin da ya faru na VSLV a cikin iri dankali ya ɓace.
Ba mai naci ba, ma'ana, a zahiri, duk wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da yaduwar ganye: A, X, M, S, Y. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ana tura su zuwa salo (ciyar da sassan bakin) na aphids daga cututtukan tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa da sauran nau'ikan amfanin gona da sauri, cikin minti ɗaya kawai. Idan aphid ta tashi daga wata shuka zuwa waccan, sai ta bincikesu, ta dandana su, kuma idan bata samesu karbuwa ba, sai ta ci gaba. Saboda gajeren tarin da lokacin yaduwar kamuwa da cutar, aphids mara mulkin mallaka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaduwar kwayoyin cuta na mosaic. Saboda wannan dalili, irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya yaɗuwa ko'ina cikin filin cikin sauri fiye da FLRV. Amfani da maganin kashe kwari da wuya ya sami wani iko na dindindin akan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Dangane da allurar gwaji, ziyarar bazata zuwa dankali, magungunan kashe kwari sun fi tasiri. Magungunan da aka yiwa lakabi da masu toshe abinci (pymetrozine, flonicamide) da sauri suna gurguntar da ƙwayoyin cutar da ke ƙoƙarin ciyarwa. Tsarin kwari, translaminar kwari ba sa taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana yaduwar ta hanyar jigilar halittu. Amma koyaushe suna kasancewa wani ɓangare na shirin kariya ga yawancin masu noman dankalin turawa, tunda sun iyakance sakandare, tsire-tsire-tsire, yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tabbatacce danniyar mulkin mallaka nau'in aphid.
Jerin magungunan kwari da aka halatta don murkushewar aphid a cikin Tarayyar Rasha yana da wadata da banbanci. Ana bayar da tasirin bugawa ta cikin abubuwan da ke aiki: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin. Magungunan Neocotinoid suna wakiltar kwayoyin aiki na acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Zai yiwu a yi amfani da d. A cikin tsibirai tare da sauran hanyoyin aiwatarwa: bifenthrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramate, chlorantraniliprol, dimethoate, flonikamide. Ana bayar da tasirin danniya mai rikitarwa ta hanyar kwayoyi tare da haɗakar lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol.
Matsakaicin magungunan kashe kwari daga masu shuka iri na Rasha shine mafi zamani kuma tare da gefe yana ba da damar samar da kariya mai inganci. A cikin EU ɗaya, an hana yawancin neonicotinoids saboda haɗarin ƙudan zuma. Menene mafi kyawun makirci? Misali, kamfanonin Syngenta da Bayer suna bayar da nasu tsare-tsaren kariya daga aphids, saboda suna da karin kayan kwari da yawa d. In-in. Amma a kowane yanayi kana buƙatar zaɓar da hankali, yana da kyau a haɗa samfuran daga masana'antun daban. Lokacin kirkirar tsarin kariya daga sinadarai, ya zama dole a kiyaye sanannun ƙa'idodi: don hana ci gaba da amfani da kowane irin maganin kashe ƙwari, don maye gurbin magunguna tare da wata hanyar aiki daban. A farkon lokacin bazara, maganin kwari na pyrethroid ya isa, yayin da fuskar ganye mai kauri da matsin lamba na vector ke karuwa, canzawa zuwa abubuwa masu aiki na translaminar da kayan hadawa. Don pyrethroids, rufin zafin jiki don dacewa shine 25оC. Lokacin aiki mai tasiri na pyrethroids - har zuwa kwanaki 7, tsari da haɗakar ƙwayoyi - kwanaki 14.
Akwai bayani game da fitowar juriya na peach aphid a Turai zuwa deltamethrin, acetamiprid, da esfenvalerat. A Amurka, ba a rubuta irin wannan gaskiyar ba. Kada ayi amfani da magungunan kwari masu haɗari (d.v.-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) a lokacin bazara mai aiki na ƙudan zuma a yankin, kasancewar kasancewar ciyawar fure a filayen dankalin turawa, ko kuma idan an yarda da ci gaban mazaunan aphid kuma an ba da kudan zuma izuwa kudan zuma. Wasu d.-va na iya, idan ƙimar aikace-aikacen bai isa ba ko daysan kwanaki bayan aikace-aikacen, ba zai haifar da mutuwar aphids ba, amma sakamakon maye ne da haɓaka aiki, watau haka nan kuma ana iya samun karuwar rikice-rikice a cikin matakin kamuwa da kwayar cuta saboda amfani da magungunan kwari. Yana da kyau a gudanar da jiyya kawai lokacin da aka kai ƙofar cutarwa. Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da tasirin aphids a farkon lokacin girma tare da magungunan kwari lokacin da ake shuka iri. Ya kamata a ci gaba da kariya har zuwa saman sun bushe. Yawan maimaita shi yana haifar da karuwar kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta.
A ƙarshe, muna sake jaddada cewa yawan ci gaba da cutar da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe yana da nasaba da halayen ɗabi'arsu da kasancewar wasu hanyoyin yadawa. A cikin yanayin babban haɗarin asali da matsin lamba na vector, duk
Magungunan da ke akwai ba za su iya hana gurɓacewar tsire-tsire masu dankalin turawa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ci gaba ba. Don magance tasirin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na dankali a cikin samar da iri, ya zama dole ayi amfani da iri tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, gano wuri samar da dankalin turawa a yankuna tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da matsin lamba na vector, amfani da albarkatu masu shinge, gudanar da ci gaba da sa ido kan yanayin rani da nau'ikan nau'ikan aphids, aiwatar da shirin don kawar da masu ƙaura lokacin da isa bakin ƙofar cutarwa dangane da amfani da man ma'adinai da zaɓi mai kyau na ƙwayoyin cuta.