Daga mujallar: No. 3 2015
Category: A Mayar da hankali
Boris Anismov, Shugaban Sashen Ma'auni da Takaddun Shaida na Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya Duk-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming mai suna bayan. A.G. Lorja
A al'adar duniya ta zamani, amfani da ka'idojin kimiyya shine mafi mahimmancin kayan aiki don magance matsalar daidaita ingancin iri na tsire-tsire na noma, ciki har da dankali. Ta hanyar kafa wasu matakan buƙatu, ƙa'idodi suna ba da gudummawa ga samar da ingantaccen iri kuma suna aiki azaman maƙasudin tushe don farashi, la'akari da ingancin nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan iri.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin samarwa, kula da inganci da takaddun shaida na dankalin iri an mayar da hankali ne akan ci gaba da ci gaba da inganta tsarin ka'idoji dangane da tarin kwarewar duniya a wannan yanki. Kuma game da wannan, yana da mahimmanci musamman a yi amfani da ƙwarewar aiki na musamman da Sashe na Musamman na UNECE ya tara a cikin aiwatar da haɓakawa da haɓaka babban tanadi na ƙa'idodin ingancin ƙasa na dankalin turawa.
Sabuntawa na yau da kullun na abubuwan da suka dace na ma'auni yana ba shi damar nuna canje-canjen da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da tallace-tallacen dankalin turawa, gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin takaddun shaida, haɓakar kwari da canjin yanayin phytosanitary dangane da ci gaba na gida da na duniya. hanyoyin sauyin yanayi.
Ma'auni na UNECE na dankalin turawa shine ainihin tsarin tsarin kasa da kasa wanda ya yi daidai da yarjejeniyar WTO game da shingen fasaha don kasuwanci da matakan tsafta da tsabtace dabbobi. Ma'aunin UNECE an yi niyya ne da farko don amfani da hukumomin ba da takardar shaida na ƙasa don tabbatar da cewa ingancin dankalin iri ya dace da daidaitattun ka'idoji na duniya.
Aiwatar da tanadin da ke ƙunshe a cikin ma'aunin UNECE, ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin uniform da daidaitattun buƙatun suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaitaccen fahimtar mai siyarwa da mai siyar da ingancin nau'ikan dankalin iri da aka yi ciniki a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya, kuma yana rage haɗarin yuwuwar shingen fasaha. cinikayyar kasa da kasa.
Abubuwan da ke ƙunshe a cikin ma'auni na UNECE sun ƙunshi kusan dukkan bangarorin kula da inganci da takaddun shaida na dankalin iri.
Babban su ne:
- gaskiya da tsarki na iri-iri;
- traceability na asalin iri kuri'a;
- ingancin matakin ga daban-daban nau'i na iri abu dangane da cututtuka, kwari, lahani;
- tolerances game da girma halaye na tubers, su calibration da kasuwanci ingancin;
-dokokin marufi, hatimi da lakabi.
An kafa buƙatun ma'aunin UNECE don nau'ikan dankali iri uku: na asali, asali da ƙwararru. Kowane ɗayan nau'ikan ukun yana ƙara zuwa kashi biyu, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da yuwuwar matakin raguwar inganci ga alamomin ɗaiɗaikun mutane tare da haɓaka yawan zuriyar filayen yayin samar da dankalin iri.
Dangane da buƙatun ma'aunin UNECE, waɗannan nau'ikan ne kawai ke ba da izinin shiga kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda bayanin hukuma da halayensu dangane da bambance-bambance, daidaito da kwanciyar hankali za'a iya samun su daga hukumomin da suka cancanta (masu samar da nau'ikan) daidai da tsari. da tsarin jagoranci na UPOV (Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kariyar sababbin nau'in shuka).
Yawancin kasashen da ke noman dankalin turawa gabaɗaya suna ƙoƙarin kawo buƙatun ma'aunin dankalin iri na ƙasa kusa da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa. Sau da yawa, ma'auni na ƙasa na iya samun ƙarin buƙatu masu tsauri don wasu mahimman mahimman bayanai idan aka kwatanta da buƙatun ma'aunin UNECE.
A cikin yanayi na zamani, daidaita manyan abubuwan da aka tanadar na ingancin dankalin turawa iri na ƙasa tare da analogues na duniya kuma, musamman, ma'aunin UNECE yana da mahimmanci musamman.
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ƙa'idodin ƙasa na Rasha, waɗanda aka kafa, alal misali, dangane da adadin tsire-tsire na sauran nau'ikan a cikin dasa shuki na nau'ikan nau'ikan dankalin iri, da tsire-tsire masu alamun hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri (rauni da mosaic mai tsanani) da cututtukan kwayan cuta. (blackleg) sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin duniya na ma'aunin UNECE (Table 1).
Haƙuri na ƙa'idodin ƙasa na Rasha game da abubuwan da suka faru na tubers tare da cututtuka (Table 2) kuma suna kusa da matakin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin UNECE. Ko da yake buƙatar ƙarin daidaituwa na matakan inganci don nau'ikan nau'ikan dankalin iri a cikin hanyar kawo su kusa da buƙatun ƙasa da ƙasa babu shakka yana da mahimmanci a halin yanzu don haɓaka ingancin dankalin iri a Rasha kuma zai taimaka rage haɗarin haɗarin fasaha na fasaha. a cikin kasuwancin duniya na dankalin iri.
Tebur 1. Kwatanta haƙuri na UNECE da ka'idodin Tarayyar Rasha game da tsafta iri-iri da kamuwa da cututtuka na shuka dankalin turawa iri.
Categories / Classes | % na tsire-tsire | ||
Sauran iri | Virus* | Baƙar ƙafa | |
Ma'aunin UNECE | |||
Pre-Basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pre-basic II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Basic I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Basic II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
Tabbataccen I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
Tabbataccen II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Madogararsa (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Na asali (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Haihuwa (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* halatta% na tsire-tsire masu nauyi mosaic ana nuna su a cikin maɓalli
Table 2. Kwatanta haƙuri na UNECE da ka'idodin Tarayyar Rasha don kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka.
Categories / Classes | % na tubers da cututtuka suka shafa *** | |||||
bushewa da jikakken ruɓe* | scab gama gari, raga, | Scab poro shirts | Rizok tonia | S'mores baby tubers | ||
Ma'aunin UNECE | ||||||
Pre-Basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Pre-basic II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Basic I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Basic II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Tabbataccen I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Tabbataccen II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
GOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Madogararsa (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Na asali (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Haihuwa (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* halatta% na tubers da aka shafa da rigar rot ana nuna su a cikin brackets
** ana la'akari da cutar ta kamu da cutar idan yankin saman da scab ya shafa ya wuce 33,3% ko fiye da 1/3 na saman; raga - 33,3%; foda scab - 10%; rhizoctonia - 10%.
Don ci gaba da daidaita tsarin ka'idoji don ingancin dankalin iri a cikin Rasha, yana da mahimmanci don inganta abubuwan da suka dace game da ka'idodin samfura, hanyoyin da za a tantance sahihanci da tsaftar iri, lissafin cututtuka, kwari, lahani na waje akan shuke-shuke da tubers dankalin turawa. , tolerances game da girma halaye na tubers, su calibration da kuma kasuwanci ingancin. A wannan yanayin, gabatar da bambance-bambancen ka'idoji da hanyoyin gwajin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun cututtukan shuke-shuke da tubers tare da kamuwa da cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta don nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan dankalin iri, kamar yadda aka tanadar a cikin ma'aunin GOST R na ƙasa. . Karɓa da hanyoyin bincike” (Table 3).
Table 3. Ka'idoji da hanyoyin gwajin gwaje-gwajen da aka bayar ta daidaitattun Tarayyar Rasha don nau'o'i daban-daban (ƙararni) na dankalin iri.
Kayan iri | Class/tsara | Matsayin gwaji | Hanyoyi |
Asalin clones don al'adun in vitro, | ИМ | 100% tsire-tsire | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
Microplants na farko don yaduwar clonal a cikin al'adun in vitro | ИМ | 100% tsire-tsire | ELISA, PCR |
Shuka a cikin dakuna masu girma don samar da ƙananan tubers | ИМ | Mafi ƙarancin shuke-shuke 250 kowane iri-iri | ELISA* |
Wuraren gandun daji (keɓewar mita 500) | 1st filin ƙarni daga mini-tubers | 200 shuke-shuke da iri-iri (ko 200 tubers da tsari) | ELISA* (**) |
Super-super elite | 200 tubers a kowane tsari | ELISA | |
Wuraren gandun daji (rufin 100m) | Superelite | Tsirrai guda ɗaya *** | ICA, ELISA *** |
Elite | |||
*Bincike akan samfuran ganye ** Gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na samfuran tuber bayan girbi. *** Dubawa a fagen tsire-tsire ɗaya tare da ƙarancin bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka ta amfani da ICA akan igiyoyin gwaji, ELISA |
Tun da 2011 a Rasha, an haɗa ma'aunin UNECE a cikin jerin sunayen ƙa'idodi na hukuma don amfani a cikin tsarin ba da takardar shaida na son rai na iri na Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr".
Aiwatar da ma'aunin UNECE na dankalin iri a Rasha babu shakka zai ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabon yanayi mai fa'ida tsakanin masu samar da dankalin iri da masu kera dankalin kasuwanci. Sakamakon haka, tabbas za a sami fa'ida a bayyane ga masu kera waɗanda za su iya ba da duka a kasuwannin cikin gida da kuma fitar da dankali mai inganci mai inganci wanda ya dace da matakin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan, bi da bi, zai ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohin zamani, saka hannun jari a cikin sabuntar samarwa, saurin ci gaba zuwa samar da nau'ikan da ake buƙata a kasuwa, amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin phytopathogens, horar da ma'aikata ƙara ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana a fagen samar da iri dankalin turawa, kula da inganci da takaddun shaida.