Daga mujallar: No. 2 2015
Category: shawarwari na kwararru
Andrey Kalinin, Dakta na Kimiyyar Fasaha
A halin yanzu, babban ci gaba na gonakin dankalin turawa ba zai yuwu ba tare da yin amfani da kwarewar waje mai wadata da abokan aiki daga Turai suka tara. Galibin abubuwan fasahar kere-kere da manyan kasashe masu noman dankalin turawa ke tallatawa, sun gano aikace-aikacensu a cikin kusan kowane mai noman dankalin turawa a cikin gida. Yawanci, sauyi zuwa irin waɗannan fasahohin ta yin amfani da sabbin ci gaba a cikin injiniyoyi na nufin ya ba da damar ƙara yawan adadin dankalin turawa, rage farashin aiki da haɓaka ingancin samfurin da aka samu. Duk da haka, duk da m canje-canje masu kyau, masu samar da mu sukan sami kansu a matsayin garkuwa ga wasu yanayi (yanayin yanayi mara kyau, lalacewar ƙasa, da dai sauransu), wanda ba ya ba su damar cimma matsakaicin matsakaicin alamun Turai a samar da dankalin turawa. Wannan bita ya gabatar da sakamakon nazarin yanayin yanayin ƙasa a yankin bunƙasa tsarin tushen dankalin turawa ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun fasahohin injiniyoyi don fahimtar musabbabin matsalolin da yawancin masu noman dankalin turawa ke fuskanta.
Taurin ƙasa (analoluwar girmanta), wato juriya na ƙasa lokacin da aka shigar da mai tuƙi mai tsini a ciki, an ɗauke shi azaman tushen tantance yanayin ƙasa. An auna ƙimar juriyar ƙasa lokaci guda tare da ƙaddara zurfin shigar tip. Wannan ma'auni yana nuna ikon tushen tsarin dankalin turawa don shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa (an san cewa tsarin tushen dankalin turawa na iya shiga zurfin 130 cm) don ƙarin buɗe yuwuwar tsirrai da haɓaka juriya ga mummunan yanayi. yanayi.
Ci gaban tsarin tushen dankalin turawa ba tare da hana shi ba yana yiwuwa idan taurin ƙasa bai wuce 1,0 MPa ba, duk da haka, yaduwar tsarin tushen zurfafa cikin sararin samaniya yana faruwa a ƙimar wannan alamar, amma tare da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Ana ɗaukar kewayon ƙimar taurin 1,1-2,5 MPa azaman yanki na matsakaicin matsakaici, lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi don shigar da tushen tsakanin abubuwan ƙasa kuma shuka yana ciyar da ƙarin kuzari akan wannan aikin. Taurin ƙasa a cikin kewayon 2,6-4,5 MPa ana ɗaukar shi azaman yanki mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, lokacin da ci gaban tushen tsarin yana da matukar wahala, amma har yanzu yana yiwuwa. A lokaci guda kuma, shuka yana kashe ƙarin kuzari akan haɓaka tushen, yana rage yuwuwar haɓakar tubers na sabon amfanin gona. Matsayin ƙaddamarwar ƙasa tare da ƙimar taurin sama da 4,5 MPa ana ɗaukar shi azaman yanki na haɓakawa, wanda yaduwar tsarin tushen ya zama gaba ɗaya ba zai yiwu ba. An gabatar da alamomin yankunan haɗin gwiwa a cikin hoto na 1 don ƙima na gani na gaba na rarraba su yayin noman dankalin turawa.
An gudanar da nazarin yanayin yanayin ƙasa a kan ƙasan soddy-podzolic na kayan aikin injiniya mai haske, wanda ya fi dacewa don samar da dankalin turawa. Lokacin da ake noman dankalin turawa, gonakin yana amfani da fasahar Turai gabaɗaya, wanda ke rage yawan wucewar injunan noma don rage tasirin injinan ƙasa daga rukunin gonaki da injinan shuka. Don maganin dasa shuki, an yi amfani da haɗin gwanin Thorit 10/6 KUA daga Lemken, an dasa dankali tare da mai shuka GL 36T daga Grimme, an aiwatar da tillage guda ɗaya tare da GH 6. Amfani da shi. na sauran kayan aikin da za su iya canza tsari da tsarin ƙasa, fasahar noman da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta haɗa da dankali ba. Sabili da haka, yanayin ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga tasirin injinan da ke sama. An ɗauki ma'auni: a tsakiyar ramin a wurin da tubers/kwayoyin dankalin turawa suke, tare da hanyar mai shuka da kuma tare da hanyar tarakta a duk faɗin sashin shuka. An yi jimlar ma'auni 100 (kowane mita na hanyar tafiya), wanda ya ba mu damar yin magana game da ainihin hoton canje-canje a cikin sigogi na ƙasa tare da babban darajar kididdiga. Matsayin yanayin filin da rana kafin fara aikin filin bazara an ɗauke shi azaman alamar sifili. An aiwatar da ma'aunin taurin ƙasa bayan jiyya na shuka kafin shuka, bayan dasa dankali (an gudanar da ayyukan biyu a rana ɗaya), bayan wucewar tudun tsohon (kwana 14 bayan dasa shuki) da kuma kafin fara girbin dankalin turawa (kwana 90). bayan samuwar ridge). Don haka, binciken ya ba da damar ganin yanayin canje-canje a yanayin ƙasa bayan kowace aikin fasaha, da kuma kimanta sakamakon sakamakon kowace na'ura da aka yi amfani da ita a fasahar noman dankalin turawa. An gabatar da sakamakon ma'aunin taurin ƙasa a cikin Figures 2-5.
Hoto na 2 yana nuna rarraba taurin ƙasa tare da fadin aiki na sashin noma. Daga wannan adadi ya bayyana a fili cewa bayan dasa shuki, ana lura da yankin na al'ada na al'ada a cikin wuraren da ba a haɗa su ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa ba a zurfin har zuwa 25 cm, yankin na matsakaicin matsakaici yana samuwa a zurfin 25 zuwa 35. cm, kuma a ƙasan wannan alamar ƙaddamarwar tana ɗaukar ƙimar da ke nuna alamun matsaloli don shigar da tsarin tushen. Ƙara darajar taurin ƙasa tare da tsarin tafiyar da tsarin raka'a ana lura da shi a ƙasa da alamar 10 cm, wato, zurfin jiyya na preplanting. Wadannan bayanai sun nuna muhimmancin yin amfani da na'urori masu fadi don dasa shuki na ƙasa kafin dasa shuki don rage girman yanki tare da tsarin aiki, da kuma buƙatar yin shirye-shiryen ƙasa mai inganci a cikin fasfo ɗaya na naúrar.
Don nazarin tasirin sashin shuka akan canje-canje a yanayin ƙasa, an aiwatar da ma'aunin taurin ƙasa nan da nan bayan wucewar mai shuka. Ana nuna rarraba yankuna masu rikitarwa bayan wannan aikin fasaha a cikin siffa. 3. Binciken bayanai ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar coulter na rukunin dasa shuki baya taimakawa ga lalacewar yanayin ƙasa a wurin tuntuɓar ƙasa, saboda haka, a tsakiyar tudu, a wurin tubers iri, Rarraba sassan compaction a cikin zurfin ya kasance ba canzawa idan aka kwatanta da yanayin ƙasa bayan preplanting magani.
Biye da waƙoƙin ƙafafun tarakta, yanki na matsakaicin matsakaici yana alama kai tsaye daga saman ƙasa, duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan yadudduka, wurin da iyaka na babban yanki ya kasance ba tare da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin zurfin ba. Muhimmin ƙaddamar da ƙasa yana haifar da tasirin tsarin tafiyar da sashin shuka. Tare da waƙa na ƙafafun masu shuka, yankin babban haɓaka yana farawa a zurfin 25 cm, kuma a kusa da 50 cm matakin ƙaddamarwa ya kai ƙima mai mahimmanci (shiga cikin tsarin tushen dankalin turawa ba shi yiwuwa a irin waɗannan alamun). Wannan tasiri a kan ƙasa na tsarin tafiyar da sashin shuka yana haifar da wani gagarumin nauyi a kansu, musamman lokacin da kwanon rufi na tsaba da takin mai magani ya cika. Wannan adadi yana ba da fahimtar buƙatar yin amfani da tayoyi masu faɗi tare da ƙarin diamita akan masu shuka don rage tasirin tasirin ƙasa.
A cikin siffa. Hoto na 4 yana nuna rabon yankuna masu taurin kai bayan wucewar wani mai noma mai ƙoshin lafiya don noman dashen dankalin turawa na tsaka-tsaki, sanye take da farantin girki mai ɗorewa. Ma'auni na ma'aunin yanayin ƙasa ya nuna cewa bayan yin wannan aiki a tsakiyar ɓangaren ridges, a wurin samar da tubers na sabon amfanin gona da haɓaka babban taro na tushen dankalin turawa, kusan babu wani yanki na al'ada. compaction (kawai saman saman saman a saman ramin wanda bai wuce 5 cm lokacin farin ciki ba). Tubers na sabon amfanin gona ana tilasta haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin matsakaicin matsakaici; a zurfin 15 cm zuwa 55 cm akwai yanki mai girma, wanda ke da wahala tsarin tushen dankalin turawa ya shiga, kuma sama da 55 cm akwai zone na over-compaction inda tushen tsarin ba zai iya shiga. Bayan ƙarin tasiri na ƙafafun tarakta a kan ƙasa, an riga an yi alama a saman iyakar babban yanki mai zurfi a zurfin 25 cm, wanda ke nuna lalacewar yanayin ci gaban tsarin tushen dankalin turawa a cikin farkawa na tarakta. A wannan wuri, Layer tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin ƙaddamarwa ya ragu da kusan 10 cm. Matsayin yankunan ƙasa na ƙasa da aka kafa ta tsarin tafiyar da tsarin shuka ya kasance kusan ba canzawa. Binciken bayanan da aka samu ya nuna cewa, a zahiri, tabarbarewar yanayin ci gaban dankalin turawa yana da alaƙa da yin amfani da farantin da ke yin tudu, wanda ke haɗa ƙasa ta hanyar matsawa mai girma uku a cikin jirgin sama mai tsayi-tsaye. Dangane da wannan, lokacin amfani da injuna don noman tsaka-tsakin layi tare da ci gaba da ƙirar tudu, ya zama dole a daidaita kusurwar karkata ta yadda za a rage girman ƙasa ta saman shiryayye na slab.
Sakamakon tasirin hadadden injuna don noman dankali ta amfani da fasaha mai zurfi kan samar da yanayi don ci gaban tushen wannan amfanin gona an gabatar da shi a cikin siffa 5. An dauki matakan kafin fara girbi. Binciken bayanai ya nuna cewa yanayin kasar da mai noman tudu ya samu ya tabarbare sosai saboda raguwar ginshikan cikin watanni uku bayan wucewar wannan sashin. An tilasta tubers na sabon amfanin gona don haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai girma da matsakaici, kuma a zurfin fiye da 25 cm, an lura da yanki na overcompaction a ko'ina. Kasancewar overcompaction kusa da farfajiyar ƙasa ba wai kawai yana hana haɓakawa da aiki na tsarin tushen dankalin turawa ba, har ma yana hana shigar danshi cikin ƙananan yadudduka yayin hazo ko shayarwa. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna haifar da raguwar amfanin dankalin turawa da tabarbarewar yanayin girbi, musamman a cikin shekaru tare da hazo mai yawa a cikin kaka.
Dangane da abubuwan da aka gabatar akan yanayin yanayin ƙasa, lokacin da ake noman dankali daga farkon aikin gona har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin girma, zamu iya yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole don daidaita raka'o'in noman ƙasa a hankali, zaɓi nau'ikan shuka daidai. inji da tsarin su, la'akari da yanayin ƙasa-yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki na samar da wannan amfanin gona. Dole ne hadaddun injuna dole ne su haɗa da tsarin sassautawa (zurfin aƙalla 20-25 cm) don hana ƙasa ta mamaye ƙasa a cikin wuraren da yawancin tushen dankalin turawa yake da samuwar tubers na sabon. amfanin gona.