Kamar yadda ka sani, manoma ba su da yanayi mai sauƙi, amma kowace shekara tana kawo matsalolinta da matsalolinta. Ta yaya masu noman dankalin turawa za su tuna da ƙarshen 2020?
A cewar mujallar, rhizoctoniasis ya zo kan gaba dangane da tsananin duk sanannun cututtukan "dankali" a wannan shekara. Ko da yake matsalar ba ta shafi dukkan yankunan Rasha ba.
Game da yaduwar cutar a lambobi
Dangane da Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha ta Tarayyar Rasha, gabaɗaya, a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a cikin 2020, bayyanar rhizoctoniasis ya kasance a matakin 2019 kuma an sami ci gaban matsakaicin matsakaicin cutar. Bari mu tunatar da ku cewa a lokacin bazara na 2019, an gano cutar a wani yanki na hectare dubu 23,30. A daidai wannan lokacin na 2020, an yi rikodin lalacewar dashen dankalin turawa a kan wani yanki mai girman kadada dubu 21,47.
A sa'i daya kuma, an lura da tabarbarewar lamarin a yankuna da dama.
Don haka, a cikin Tsakiyar Tarayya ta Tsakiya a cikin 2020, an yi rikodin yaduwar cutar a wani yanki na kadada dubu 5,59 (a cikin 2019 - 4,90 kadada dubu). Yankin yankin da aka bi da rhizoctonia ya kasance kadada dubu 1,50 (a cikin 2019 - 0,03 kadada dubu). A yankin Arewa maso Yamma, an gano yaduwar cutar a cikin dashen dankalin turawa a kan wani yanki mai girman kadada dubu 7,56 (kadada dubu 2019 a shekarar 5,01). Yankin da aka yi maganin cutar ya kai hekta dubu 1,79 (a cikin 2019 - hekta dubu 1,30). A cikin gundumar Tarayya ta Volga, yankin da cutar ta shafa a cikin shuka dankalin turawa ya kai kadada dubu 3,19 (a cikin 2019 - 2,64 kadada dubu). Ba a gudanar da maganin cutar ba (a cikin 2019 - hectare dubu 1,4).
Amma akwai kuma wuraren da sikelin yaduwar rhizoctoniosis ya ragu.
Misali, a cikin Gundumar Tarayya ta Kudu, an yi rikodin bayyanar cututtuka akan shuka dankalin a kan wani yanki na kadada dubu 0,31 (a cikin 2019 - 1,20 kadada dubu). Yankin jiyya a kan pathogen ya kasance kadada dubu 0,01 (a cikin 2019 - 1,08 kadada dubu). A cikin Arewacin Caucasus Federal District, ba a gano lalacewa ba akan shuka dankalin turawa (kadada dubu 2019 a cikin 0,30). Ba a gudanar da jiyya ba game da ƙwayoyin cuta.
A cikin Ural Federal District, cutar ta bayyana kanta a cikin shuka dankalin turawa a kan wani yanki na kadada dubu 2,10 (a cikin 2019 - 3,69 kadada dubu). Yankin jiyya a kan pathogen ya kasance kadada dubu 2,36 (a cikin 2019 - 1,63 kadada dubu). A cikin Yankin Tarayyar Siberiya, an gano yaduwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin dashen dankalin turawa a kan wani yanki na kadada dubu 2,21 (a cikin 2019 - 4,16 kadada dubu). Ba a yi maganin cutar ba a cikin 2019 da 2020. A Gundumar Tarayya ta Gabas mai Nisa, an gano dashen dankalin turawa da rhizoctonia ya shafa a kan wani yanki na kadada dubu 0,50 (a cikin 2019 - 1,40 kadada dubu). Ba a gudanar da jiyya a kan ƙwayoyin cuta ba (a cikin 2019 - 0,06 kadada dubu).
Kwararru na Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha ta Tarayyar Rasha sun danganta raguwar wuraren da shuka dankalin turawa ya shafa a yankunan Kudancin, Arewacin Caucasus, Ural, Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da yanayin yanayi a lokacin girma na tsire-tsire. Bugu da ƙari, a cewar masana, nasarar da aka samu a yawancin gonaki a yaƙi da cutar an bayyana shi ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullum kan kula da filayen da kayan kariya na shuka.
Haɓakawa a cikin yanki na rarraba rhizoctonia akan dashen dankalin turawa a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Arewa maso Yamma da Gundumar Tarayya Volga yana haifar da dogon lokacin zafi mai zafi, da raguwar yawan jiyya na shuka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa mafi girman adadin kamuwa da cuta (fiye da 100) a cikin bazara na 2020 an gano shi a cikin Perm Territory (a cikin 2019 - 29,28). An kuma sami karuwar adadin kamuwa da cuta a cikin Jamhuriyar Karelia - 1,58 (a cikin 2019 - ba a lura ba), Vologda - 6,30 (a cikin 2019 - 4,90), Kaluga - 0,24 (a cikin 2019 - ba a hadu ba), yankin Kostroma - 1,58 ( a cikin 2019 - 1,29), yankin Tver - 0,04 (a cikin 2019 - ba a hadu ba), yankin Yaroslavl - 0,03 (a cikin 2019 - ba a hadu ba) , Jamhuriyar Komi - 0,84 (a cikin 2019 - ba a ci karo ba), Mari El Republic - 0,11 (a cikin 2019) - ba a ci karo ba), Sverdlovsk - 0,78 (a cikin 2019 - 0,69) da Chelyabinsk yankuna - 0,81 (a cikin 2019 - 0,36).
Mafi saurin karuwa a yawan raunukan da rhizoctonia ya shafa an lura dashi a cikin Yuli da Agusta. Canje-canje akai-akai a yanayin zafin iska da ruwan sama mai yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban aiki na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Masu gyara suna so su gode wa ma'aikatan jarida na Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha don kayan da aka bayar.
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Daga mahangar kimiyya
Maria Kuznetsova, Shugaban Sashen Dankali da Cututtukan Kayan lambu, VNIIF, Dan takarar Kimiyyar Halittu.
Bisa ga lura da All-Rasha Research Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF), mafi muhimmanci manifestations na rhizoctoniosis a wannan shekara sun kasance halayyar Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov da dama. sauran yankunan kasar.
Dalilan cutar
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ci gaban rhizoctonia a halin yanzu shine yanayin yanayi mai kyau ga pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Alal misali, a yankin Moscow, a cikin shekaru na biyu da na uku na Mayu, yawan zafin jiki na iska ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. Sanyaya ba zai iya shafar amfanin gona da aka noma ba: tsire-tsire dankalin turawa a wannan lokacin sun ragu a baya, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaici, ta makonni 1-2, kuma sun raunana. Bugu da ƙari, farawa daga kwanaki goma na uku na Mayu, da kuma a watan Yuni da Yuli na wannan shekara, yawan hazo ya fadi a yankin (a kan tushen ma'auni na tsawon lokaci). Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun ba da gudummawa ga farkon haɓakar haɓakar rhizoctoniosis na farko da na gaba.
A lokaci guda, matsalar rhizoctoniasis yana hade ba kawai tare da yanayin yanayi ba, har ma da wasu dalilai masu mahimmanci. Daga cikin su: ƙananan ingancin kayan iri; cin zarafin lokacin dasa shuki (muna magana ne game da lokuta lokacin da masu shuka dankalin turawa suka fara shuka tubers waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi), rashin yarda da jujjuya amfanin gona, jinkirin girbi, da sauransu.
Bayyanar waje
An san cewa naman gwari Rhizoctonia solani yana da ikon kamuwa da dankali a kowane mataki na ontogenesis daga germination zuwa girbi. Cutar na iya bayyana kanta a cikin nau'i na baki scab, reticulated necrosis da zurfin spotting a kan tubers, rotting na sprouts, mutuwar stolons da tushen. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin bayyanar cututtuka akwai bushe bushe na ɓangaren ƙasa na tushe - a cikin nau'i na ciwon daji ("rotten itace") ko launin toka-fari "ji" ("farar kafa").
Naman gwari yana haifar da babban lalacewa a lokacin lokacin ci gaban seedling. A cikin danshi da sanyi yanayi, tare da yanayin zafin ƙasa ƙasa da 8° C, a kan dasa tubers, sclerotia (da dormant mataki na naman gwari) sprout da mycelium, wanda ratsa cikin sprouts da take kaiwa zuwa ga samuwar duhu tawayar spots a kansu. Tsire-tsire marasa lafiya wani lokaci suna mutuwa kafin su isa saman. A cikin yanayi mai dumi, tsire-tsire na iya girma zuwa tsiro mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi a ƙananan ɓangaren tushe kuma na sama ganye naɗe tare da jijiya.
Sakamakon
Dankali rhizoctonia yana haifar da asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa duka da raguwa a cikin kasuwancin tubers. Alamun noman dankalin turawa suna raguwa saboda asarar tsiron, lalacewar mai tushe, stolons da tushen, wanda hakan ke shafar girman, yawa da kuma kasuwancin tubers.
A cikin Rasha, asarar amfanin gona kai tsaye daga rhizoctonia na iya kaiwa 25%, kuma raguwar kasuwancin tubers ya kai 30%.
Matakan rigakafi da sarrafawa
Don magance cutar yadda ya kamata, ya zama dole a yi amfani da dukkan matakan matakan:
- Yi amfani da lafiya, zai fi dacewa ƙwararrun kayan shuka don shuka.
- Gabatar da fifiko na farkon da tsakiyar farkon nau'in dankalin turawa tare da lokacin girma na kwanaki 60-80, kazalika da nau'ikan da ke da juriya da rauni da wannan cuta.
- Yarda da jujjuya amfanin gona.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa naman gwari Rhizoctonia solani zai iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙasa (shekaru 3-4), akan tubers dankalin turawa, gawa, da tarkace. Naman gwari ya sami nasarar tsira daga hunturu a cikin nau'in sclerotia akan tubers da cikin ƙasa, da kuma cikin nau'in mycelium.
Bugu da kari, dole ne a la'akari da cewa ban da dankali, R. Solani yana da ikon cutar da yawan amfanin gona na kayan lambu (kamar tumatir, beets da kabewa), da kuma ciyawa na daji (misali, quinoa, shuka thistle). da horsetail).
Mafi kyawun abubuwan da ke rage ƙwayar cuta na rhizoctonia ana ɗaukar su azaman amfanin gona na hatsi ( hatsi, alkama na hunturu da hatsin rai, sha'ir, masara), lupine, alfalfa da ciyawa na perennial.
- Dasa tubers a cikin ƙasa mai zafi daidai da bukatun zurfin da yawa.
An ƙaddara zurfin dasa mafi kyau duka tare da la'akari da kayan aikin injiniya da danshi na ƙasa (a kan ƙasa mai nauyi - dasa shuki mai zurfi, a kan yashi mai yashi - zurfi). Lokacin da ɓawon burodi ya fito a kan ƙasa mai nauyi mai nauyi, matakin da ya dace na aiki yana lalata filin kwana huɗu zuwa biyar bayan dasa shuki da bayan shuka, tunda in ba haka ba yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa.
Mafi kyawun girman shuka daga ra'ayi na phytosanitary shine tubers dubu 50 a kowace hectare. Haɓakawa zuwa 60-80 dubu yana haɓaka haɓakar rhizoctonia akan duk gabobin shuka.
- Ƙara ƙarin allurai na takin gargajiya zuwa ƙasa da amfani da koren taki.
Yana da wuya R. Solani yayi gogayya da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa, don haka yin amfani da takin zamani na iya rage matakin kamuwa da ƙasa.
Matsayin koren taki kuma yana da wuyar ƙima. A yawancin gonaki, tsire-tsire daga dangin cruciferous - Brassica juncea (Sarepta mustard), Raphanus sativus (radish na kowa), Sinapis alba (farin mustard), Eruca sativus - ana amfani da su azaman biofumigants akan yawancin cututtukan fungal da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa (Rhizoctonia). Solani, Colletotrichum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea) da dankalin turawa cyst nematodes. A lokacin flowering (lokacin da fiye da 50% na jimlar furanni), ana yankan tsire-tsire, an murkushe su kuma ana shuka su. A cikin ƙasa, tsire-tsire na biyu na metabolites (glucosinolates) sun rushe cikin mahaɗan maras tabbas (misali, isothiocyanates), waɗanda ke da tasirin fumigating akan ƙwayoyin cuta da nematodes.
- Tsabtace lokaci da inganci mai inganci.
Kada a jinkirta girbi bayan yankan saman sama da makonni biyu; Ba a yarda da barin ƙananan tubers masu lalacewa a filin).
- Yin amfani da fungicides don magance tubers iri ko shafa su lokacin dasa shuki dankali.
Babban aikin samfuran kariyar shukar sinadarai a wannan lokacin shine rage cutarwar rhizoctonia da sauran cututtukan ƙasa.
Sakamakon gwaji na shekaru da yawa da aka gudanar a VNIIF a kan tushen kamuwa da cuta tare da Rhizoctonia Solani sun tabbatar da babban tasiri na kwayoyi bisa azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, penflufen, fluxapyroxad da sauran kayan aiki masu aiki don kare kariya daga rhizoctoniasis.
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