A cikin 2020, saboda rufe iyakokin da kuma gabatar da dokar hana shigowa da baki, yawancin kamfanonin noma na Rasha sun fuskanci matsalar karancin ma'aikata. Kamar yadda farkon wannan kakar ya nuna, a cikin lokutan da suka wuce yanayin da ake ciki a cikin masana'antu ya kara tabarbarewa, kuma har yanzu ba mu tantance cikakken sikelin sakamakon da ƙarshen lokacin rani ba, lokacin da aka fara girbi.
A cewar manoma da yawa, ba za a sami wani abu kawai da za a tattara ba.
Kamar yadda shugaban gonar Volga-Agromashimport Volgograd Yuri Lemyakin ya lura, masu samar da aikin gona na yankin sun fara magana game da matsalar tun kafin fara aikin bazara. Bayan da aka kammala tsaftacewa, wani muhimmin sashi na bakin hauren ya bar ƙasarsu ta asali, da kuma tambayoyin: ko za su iya komawa kuma idan za su iya, lokacin da hakan zai faru, sun kasance ba a amsa ba. Yadda za a saya tsaba a cikin irin wannan yanayi?
- A cikin shekarun baya, game da 12 dubu baƙi aiki a cikin Volgograd yankin (kuma zuwa mafi girma a cikin uku manyan kayan lambu girma yankunan: Gorodishchensky, Sredneakhtubinsky, Svetloyarsky). A bara, kafin gabatar da matakan keɓewa, kusan mutane dubu 3-3,5 sun sami damar ziyartar mu. Lokacin ya juya ya zama mai wahala, farashin kowane ma'aikaci, kuma saboda wannan, farashin duka tsaftacewa, ya karu sosai. A wannan shekarar, idan mutum dubu ya yi mana aiki, yana da kyau. Kuma a lokacin rani za a sami ma kaɗan: waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko ba za su sami lokaci don sabunta izinin aikin su ba har sai Yuni 15 (bisa ga Dokar Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha na Disamba 15, 2020 No. 791) za su tafi. . Ba wanda zai yi aiki.
Masu noman kayan lambu sun juya ga duk hukumomi masu yuwuwa kuma suna shirin cika duk abubuwan da ake buƙata na hukuma. Duk da haka, ba su kasance a shirye don wasu sharuɗɗa ba.
“Na shafe kusan shekaru 18 ina fama da takardun shigar bakin haure., - in ji Yuri Lemyakin, - kuma a cikin wannan lokacin ba a yi shekara guda ba don sauƙaƙa ka'idodin shiga ko aƙalla ba a canza ba.
A wannan shekarar, mun fara gabatar da aikace-aikacen na tsawon watanni biyu, mun tattara tare da samar da bayanai iri-iri, mun shigar da su a shafukan. A lokaci guda, an kawar da wasu buƙatun, tun da a aikace ya zama wanda ba zai yiwu ba.
Sa'an nan kuma sabbin bayanai sun shigo: manyan kamfanoni ne kawai da ke da ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci akalla 250 da ruble biliyan biyu na canjin shekara za su iya jawo bakin hauren zuwa aiki. Kawai babu gonaki irin wannan a gundumar mu ta tarayya.
Yanzu ya zama sananne cewa bakin haure na iya ketare iyaka ta jirgin sama ne kawai, kasar da ke karbar bakuncin ta biya kudin tafiya, kuma wannan yana da tsada sosai. Saboda rashin bege, wasu kamfanonin noma suna daukar ma’aikata daya, biyu ko biyar, amma ba wanda ke kawo mutane adadin da ake bukata.”
Nawa ne ma'aikaci daga, a ce, kudin Uzbekistan?
“A hukumance, tikitin jirgin sama ya kai 37 rubles., - in ji masanin mu. - Amma bai yi aiki ba: bayan cika bayanan, saƙo yana fitowa daga rukunin yanar gizon cewa mutumin nan ba shi da izinin shiga. Amma sayen tikitin daga kamfanin Uzbek na tsakiya - ga mutum ɗaya, jirgin sama ɗaya, amma don 100 dubu rubles. - yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ba tare da rikitarwa ba.
Shirye-shiryen takardun da ake bukata yana kashe kimanin 50 dubu rubles. Kuma waɗannan farashin kai tsaye ne kawai. A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin makonni biyu na farko, baƙo dole ne ya kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawa, sannan kuma za a ɗauki wasu makonni uku don samun takardar shaidar. Duk wannan lokacin, mutum zai buƙaci ciyar da shi. A kara wa wannan albashi, sannan kuma kudin tafiyar dawowa”.
Kuma ba wannan ba ne duk farashin.
«A dauki misali, batun biyan albashi, - Yuri Lemyakin ya bayyana... - Ga ma'aikatan da ke da zama dan kasar Rasha, karamin gona (inda sau da yawa babu wani akawu kwata-kwata) na iya biyan albashi a cikin tsabar kudi bisa ga wata sanarwa. Kuma ga bakin haure, dole ne a tura kudade zuwa katin banki. (A karkashin dokar musanya ta kasashen waje, kamfanoni na Rasha da kowane ƴan kasuwa an san su a matsayin mazauna, kuma baƙon da ba su da izinin zama ana gane su a matsayin wadanda ba mazauna ba.Biyan da wani mazaunin a cikin ni'imar da wanda ba mazaunin kowane ruble yawa, ciki har da albashi, an dauke wani waje musayar ciniki ma'amala, ƙayyadaddu ga wanda dole ne a yi a cikin wani ba tsabar kudi form - ta hanyar banki asusun tare da izini bankuna. - daga ed.)
Amma bude katin kuma yana da matsala: dole ne ku tafi tare da ma'aikaci (a matsayin mai mulkin, wanda ba ya magana da Rashanci) zuwa banki, kuma kafin wannan, fassara fasfo ɗinsa zuwa Rashanci ... a cikin bazara mun karbi sanarwar haraji. na shekaru uku na ƙarshe a lokaci ɗaya: tara a cikin adadin 100% na adadin da aka biya. Ga wasu, adadin "hukunci" ya kai miliyan 20 rubles.
A wannan shekara, gonaki da yawa a yankinmu, waɗanda a baya suka ja hankalin bakin haure zuwa aiki, sun sami sanarwar tara."
"Ban ware cewa jirgin kasa zai tafi a lokacin rani, tikitin da za su biya rubles dubu shida. - in ji Yuri. - Idan haka ta faru, zan ɗauki ƙarin mutane biyar ko bakwai zuwa cikin gidana. Amma a gaba ɗaya, wannan matakin ba zai taimaki ƙasar ta kowace hanya ba, ya riga ya yi latti don yin wani abu."
Marigayi, saboda dasa shuki ya ƙare, ba shi da wahala a hango sakamakonsa: a cewar Rusprodsoyuz, tallace-tallace iri a jajibirin wannan kakar ya ragu da kashi 50-60% idan aka kwatanta da bara, tallace-tallace na seedlings ya fadi da rabi.
“Raguwar noma ga duk amfanin gona da ke buƙatar aikin hannu (tumatir, barkono, eggplants, cucumbers, kankana, kankana, zucchini) yana da matuƙar mahimmanci., - ya tabbatar da Yuri Lemyakin. - Domin a wannan lokacin, lokacin da aka dasa shuki a cikin greenhouses, ba a san abin da za a jira a gaba ba. Jama’a sun yanke shawarar cewa sun gwammace su rage farashi, ta yadda daga baya ba za su samu asara ta hanyar barin amfanin gona a gona ba..
Me yakamata kasar ta shirya a karshe? A gaba akwai hauhawar farashin kayan lambu, haɓakar shigo da kayayyaki, manyan matsalolin masana'antu.
“A daya daga cikin gonakin da ke makwabtaka da su a wannan kakar sun shuka hectare 20 na tumatir a maimakon 160 na gargajiya. Tuni masana'antar gwangwani ta sayi girbin su akan 80 rubles / kg. Wannan shi ne duk da cewa a baya farashin mafi ingancin samfurori bai wuce 20 rubles / kg ba, kuma an sayar da ma'auni a 10 rubles / kg "- ci gaba Yuri Lemyakin.
Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa duk da hasashen farashin farashin, yawancin 'yan Rasha (aƙalla waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyinsu akan layi kuma suna shiga cikin binciken kan layi) ba sa goyan bayan ra'ayin dawowar baƙi. Mafi shaharar ra'ayi a kan tarukan: masu noma dole ne su biya albashi mai kyau, sannan 'yan asalin kasar za su zo su yi musu aiki.
“A yanzu gonakinmu na daukar ma’aikata tara, - Yuri Lemyakin comments. - Hudu daga cikinsu mazauna yankin ne. Za mu iya ɗaukar ƙarin, amma kasuwancin yana da nisan kilomita 10 kawai daga Volgograd, kuma mutane da yawa sun fi son yin aiki a cikin birni, ko da yake muna ba da albashi mai kyau - a matsakaici, kimanin 50 dubu rubles. Baƙi suna karɓar 35-40 dubu, amma kamfanin kuma yana ɗaukar farashin abinci da masauki (la'akari da wannan, adadin kusan iri ɗaya ne). Babu bambanci a gare mu waɗanda za su yi aiki, amma yana da wahala sosai a sami waɗanda ke son yin aikin hannu a fagen. Ban da haka, ga mutane da yawa akwai matsalar barasa."
Wata hanyar da za a iya magance matsalar ita ce sarrafa injina da sarrafa yawancin ayyukan. A yau, kafofin watsa labaru da yawa sun rubuta cewa rashin karfin ma'aikata mai rahusa duk manoman Rasha don ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma wannan zai ba da babbar tasiri ga ci gaban masana'antu.
“Muna noman albasa, - in ji darektan Volga-Agromashimport LLC, - Wannan al'ada, kamar dankali, karas, beets, yana ba ku damar maye gurbin aikin hannu tare da na'ura, kuma manyan ayyukan aiki sun kasance masu sarrafa kansa na dogon lokaci. An sayi kayan aikin da ake buƙata tun kafin tarihin rufe iyakokin, kawai saboda aiwatar da shi yana ba ku damar rage farashi da rage farashin samarwa. Yana da riba.
Kuma a yanzu, alal misali, muna aiki a kan sarrafa tsarin ban ruwa na drip, ta yadda za a yi ban ruwa da takin zamani bisa umarnin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, ba tare da tasirin dan Adam ba. Amma ba na jin da yawa za su bi hanya daya.
A mafi yawan gonaki a cikin yankin Volgograd, babban ɓangare na aikin ana yin shi da hannu, kuma wannan duk da cewa, alal misali, girbi na hannu yana ƙara farashin kilogram na albasa (4 rubles, idan muka yi la'akari kawai). farashin tsaba da noma) kusan iri ɗaya. Kuma matsakaicin farashin siyarwa ya kasance a matakin 11 rubles / kg na shekaru masu yawa. Amma don rage aikin hannu, kuna buƙatar saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki. Ba kowa ke da irin wannan damar ba.
Samun kudin shiga na gonaki yana raguwa kullum (wanda ba abin mamaki ba ne: 90% na tsaba na zaɓin waje ana saya a cikin Yuro, ana sayar da takin mai magani a daloli). A cikin 2013, farashin gonar mu don girbi shine 180 dubu rubles / ha, bara - 380 dubu rubles / ha.
Kuma ko da yake manoma suna samun rayuwa mai kyau, suna samar da yanayi ga wasu kuma suna biyan albashi mai kyau ga ma’aikatansu, amma ba su da sauran kuɗin haɓaka sana’o’insu.
Yana da wahala a sami lamuni mai fifiko a kashi 5% a kowace shekara, amma da yawa ba sa son ɗaukar nauyin bashi ko da a irin waɗannan yanayi, saboda yana da matukar wahala a iya hasashen matsalolin da za su fuskanta. A wannan shekara, alal misali, tun daga ranar 20 ga Maris, sarƙoƙin mu na kantin sayar da kayayyaki sun rufe katunan albasa, karas da dankali na samar da Rasha, suna nuna cewa babu wani samfurin inganci a yankin. A haƙiƙa, wannan shawarar ta kasance sakamakon ƙoƙarin daidaita farashi a kasuwa. Manoman sun kasa sayar da kayayyakinsu, sun sha asara mai yawa, kuma wadanda suka iya ajiye kayan har zuwa tsakiyar bazara, wato, sun saka hannun jari a cikin dogon lokaci, sun sha wahala. Hakan ya sa aka noman albasa hekta dubu 4 a bana a wannan yanki namu maimakon hekta dubu 7 da aka saba yi. Albasa ita ce amfanin gona mafi tsada da ake nomawa. Wadanda suka yi asarar kudi a kan albasa a kakar da ta gabata sun zabi karas da beets mai rahusa. Mai yiyuwa ne hakan zai haifar da yawan amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa, kuma ba wanda zai samu komai."
Ina mafita?
“Za mu yi shuka ko ta yaya, - Yuri Lemyakin baya rasa kyakkyawan fata, - saboda ba za mu iya yin wani abu dabam ba. Amma ya kamata ku fahimci cewa domin kasar nan ta samu kayan marmari da kayan marmari, manoma ko kadan kada su tsoma baki cikin ayyukansu, kada su haifar da cikas. Za mu iya magance sauran."
Don tunani:
A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida na Janairu-Afrilu 2021, adadin takardun izinin aiki da aka ba wa 'yan kasashen waje da marasa galihu a Rasha ya ragu da kashi 36% tun farkon shekara idan aka kwatanta da daidai lokacin bara.
Har ila yau, adadin ingantattun haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton ya ragu da kusan 40%, kuma adadin izini na aiki ga baƙi ya ragu da kashi uku.
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