E. D. Mytsa, L.Yu. Kokaeva, S.N. Elansky
Oomycete Phytophthora 'yan tsako (Mont) de Bary yana haifar da cututtukan ɗan lokaci, cuta mai haɗari da dankali da tumatir. Ofaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun ilimin firamare P. 'yan iska Tsarin haihuwa ne masu kauri-walled - oospores.
Oowarorin da aka samar da su saboda ƙetare bambancin yanayin mahaifa suna taimakawa wajen ƙaruwa game da bambancin jinsi a cikin jama'a, a sakamakon haka ne tsarin saurin jujjuyawar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan maye da ake amfani da su ya inganta.
Tsarin Oospore P. 'yan iska a cikin filin an lura da shi a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya: Rasha (Smirnov et al., 1999), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) da sauransu yankuna. Oospores na iya dawwama a cikin ƙasa a cikin yanayi mai inganci na sama da shekaru 2 (Bødker et al., 2006) kuma suna haifar da kamuwa da tsire-tsire bayan da aka mamaye su (Ulanova et al., 2010; Lehtinen et al., 2002).
Tun da farko an nuna cewa ganyen shuke-shuke daban-daban tiers na dankalin turawa suna da bambance-bambance a juriya ga marigayi bugun jini; yana karuwa daga ƙananan ganye zuwa na sama. Wannan halin bai dogara da shekarun ganye, shekarun shuki, ko iri-iri dankalin turawa ba (Vesper et al., 2003). A lokaci guda, ba mu iya samun bayanai kan bambance-bambance a cikin tsananin samuwar oospore a cikin ganyen yadudduka daban-daban na daji dankalin turawa a cikin adabin ba. Koyaya, idan irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun wanzu, to yakamata ayi la'akari dasu yayin ɗaukar samfuran ganye don nazarin samuwar hoda da kuma fassarar sakamakon da wasu marubuta suka samu. Manufar wannan aikin shi ne yin nazarin samuwar kifin a cikin keɓaɓɓun ganyayyaki na yadudduka daban-daban na shukar dankalin turawa da aka sanya su a cikin yanayi ɗaya a ɗakunan zafi.
kaya da matakai
Munyi amfani da ware 5 P. 'yan iska nau'ikan nau'ikan saduwa daban daga samfuran da abin ya shafa da aka kawo daga yankunan Moscow, Ryazan da Leningrad. Daga cikin waɗannan, an zaɓi nau'ikan nau'i 3 na nau'ikan nau'ikan maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, suna ba da wadatattun ospores lokacin da aka gwada su a matsakaiciyar agar oat.
Don gwaji, munyi amfani da tsire-tsire masu dankalin turawa masu ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cikin wasu nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (a cikin peat): farkon Sandrin, Zorachka, Uladar, Osiris, tsakiyar Ilyinsky, tsakiyar Yanka.
An zabi ganye masu sauki daga matakai daban-daban na shukar dankalin turawa don nazari. An zabi ganye uku daga matakin kasa (ƙananan ganyayyaki 4), uku daga sama (ganyen mahadi 3-4 a saman), da ganye uku daga tsakiyar daji. An auna ganye masu sauƙi, an ɗauki hoto a kan takarda mai daidaitawa (don ƙididdige ƙarar da yanki), sannan a ɗora su sama da ruwa mara tsabta, an zuba 25 ml cikin abincin Petri. Sannan kowane ganye ya kamu da digo daya na gaurayewar hadewar zoosporangia ya kebance A1 da A2 na nau'in mating. Don ganye uku da aka tattara daga kowane matakin, an yi amfani da inoculum na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na ware guda uku. Ganye daya ya kamu da cakuda inoculum na ware guda biyu.
Don shirya dakatar da gidan zoosporangia, an keɓance keɓaɓɓun nau'ikan saduwa a agar oat matsakaici na tsawon kwanaki 7, bayan haka aka wanke zoosporangia da ruwa mai tsafta. Concentrationididdigar inoculum ya kasance gidan zino na 5-7 a cikin fagen hangen nesa na microscope a haɓakar 80x. Kowane ganye ya gurɓata da ɗigon digo ɗaya na haɗiyar dakatarwar zoosporangia ya keɓance nau'in A1 da A2 na mating.
A cikin dukkan gwaje-gwajen, anyi amfani da ganyen dankalin turawa guda 3 ta kowane bambance-bambancen. Bayan shiryawa na tsawon kwanaki 20 a 18 ° C, kowane ganye ya hade a cikin turmi tare da 2 ml na ruwa mai narkewa. Daga dakatarwar da aka samu, an ɗauki samfuran 3, daga abin da aka shirya shirye-shiryen microscopy.
A cikin kowane bambance-bambancen, an bincika filayen gani na 180, bayan haka aka sake lissafa adadin oospores a cikin 1 mm2 zanen gado. Sakamakon kidaya na kowane bambance-bambancen ya kasance matsakaita.
Don yin lissafin tazarar amincewa (μ) don mahimmancin 0,05, ana amfani da tsari mai zuwa
inda s shine daidaitattun daidaituwa, n shine adadin ma'aunai, t shine t-gwajin akai don ƙimar mahimmanci na 0,05. Duk lissafin anyi su a cikin Excel (Microsoft Office package).
Sakamako da tattaunawa
Yin maganin ganyayyaki da aka tattara daga yadudduka daban-daban na bishiyar dankalin turawa kuma aka sanya shi a cikin yanayi guda a ɗakunan ɗumi ya bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin samuwar oospore. A cikin dukkanin nau'ikan binciken, an samar da matsakaicin adadin wadatar zafin a lokacin yin allurar ganyayyaki da aka tattara daga ƙananan matakan tsakiyar daji. Babu wani bambance-bambance mai mahimmanci da aka samo a cikin samuwar oospores a cikin ƙananan da tsakiyar ganye.
An ƙirƙiri mafi ƙarancin adadin oospores a cikin ganyen babban rufi (Fig. 1).
A cikin ganyen ƙananan bene da na tsakiya, an kafa matsakaicin adadin ospores a cikin ire-iren Sandrin, Ilyinsky, Zorachka, Uladar da Osiris. An ƙirƙira su da ɗan gajarta sosai a cikin ganyen Yanka iri-iri. An lura da mafi yawan adadin dafin a cikin ganyen babban bene a cikin ganyen Uladar iri-iri, sai kuma Zorachka, Osiris, Yanka, Ilyinsky, Sandrin a rage tsari; sai dai, ba dukkan bambance-bambance ne yake da muhimmanci ba.
Hoto: 1. Samuwar oospores a cikin ganyen yadudduka daban daban na dankalin turawa. Onesananan sune ganyen ƙananan matakai guda uku na daji, na sama sune ƙananan hadaddun 3-4 daga saman tsiron, na tsakiya sune daga tsakiyar daji.
Barsungiyoyin kuskure suna nuna tazarar amincewa don matakin mahimmancin 0,05.
A cikin filin, yanayin microclimatic shima yana taimakawa ga samuwar oospores a cikin ƙananan da tsakiyar ganyen daji: danshi mafi girma, rage insolation na hasken rana, da sauyin yanayin zafin yau da kullun (Harrison, 1992). Sakamakon fesawa yana haifar da ƙananan magungunan ƙwari a ƙasan da tsakiyar daji. Don rage samuwar oospores, ya kamata a yi amfani da fasahohi waɗanda ke ba da izinin isar da kayan gwari zuwa ƙananan sassan da tsakiyar daji. Ana iya samun sakamako mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da iska mai feshin iska da kayan gwari wadanda zasu iya yaduwa zuwa sassan daji marasa magani.
Wannan aikin ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Kimiyya na Rasha (aikin A'a. 14-50-00029).
An buga labarin a cikin mujallar "Kariyar Dankali" (A'a. 2, 2015)