Daga mujallar: No. 1 2016
Category: shawarwari na kwararru
Thomas Bottner, Daraktan fitarwa na EUROPLANT Pflanzenzucht GmbH
Shirya kayan iri don farkon lokacin dankalin turawa abu ne mai matukar alhaki da wahala. Yana da matukar wahala a sami dankali mai tsiro da kyau ba tare da ilimi na musamman da amfani da fasahar zamani ba. Muna ba da shawarar kula da abubuwa biyar waɗanda koyaushe suna tasiri ingancin ƙwayar dankalin turawa.
Abu na farko: Iri
Nemo nau'in dankalin turawa wanda ya dace da yanayin yanayi da fasahar girma ba ta da sauƙi. Kuma idan kun zaɓi farkon dankali, samar da abin da zai buƙaci germination na tubers, matakin haɓaka yana ƙaruwa: a wannan yanayin, dole ne a la'akari da ƙarin halaye iri-iri. Yana da matukar muhimmanci, misali, kwanciyar hankali na seedlings da ikon iri-iri zuwa sabuntawa idan akwai lalacewa da rarrabuwa na seedlings. A zaman lafiyar seedlings yafi dogara da zurfin buds. Zurfin ido, mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na seedling, godiya ga wannan bakin ciki na halitta. Zurfafa idanu ba su da rauni a fasaha, amma abin takaici, sun zama mafi toshewa da ƙasa kuma suna haifar da babban sharar gida yayin tsaftacewa da sarrafawa, rage yawan amfanin ƙasa. Saboda haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, na gani m tubers tare da m idanu da aka zaba a cikin kiwo, wanda ya juya ya zama counterproductive ga kwanciyar hankali na seedlings.
Babu kasa muhimmanci ga iri-iri da iya farfadowa (wato, da ikon da seedlings germinate sake bayan inji lalacewa ko karya kashe a lokacin dasa). Kowane mai shuka dankalin turawa zai iya ƙayyade ikon sake haɓaka nau'in dankalin turawa ko nau'in iri. Don yin wannan, ya isa ya fitar da kusoshi a cikin jirgi da kuma dasa tubers a kan kaifi ƙarshen (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton), ta haka za ku iya ƙayyade bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'in iri ko iri tun kafin dasa shuki (Hoto 1). Gwaji ya fi dacewa a yanayin zafi daban-daban don ƙayyade yanayin da ya fi dacewa don sabuntawa. Dole ne a yi la'akari da farfadowa da sannu a hankali lokacin da aka ƙayyade kwanan watan shuka mafi kyau. Iri/kuri'a tare da jinkirin farfadowa suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman yayin dasawa da kulawa da yanayin zafin ƙasa. Asarar seedlings a lokacin dasa shuki a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau da ƙananan yanayin zafi yana rinjayar yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Hoto 1. Gwajin kai don kaddarorin iri
Abu na biyu: Warming up the tubers
Za a iya motsa tsarin tafiyar da ilimin lissafi na dankalin turawa germination ta hanyar dumama. Ainihin, ana buƙatar dumama don nau'ikan / kuri'a waɗanda ke cikin matakin bacci. Yin la'akari da shekarun ilimin lissafi na tubers, ana yin dumama a zazzabi na 18 ° C na kwanaki 7-14.
Kafin kakar, yana da mahimmanci don la'akari da yanayin kowane iri iri. Dole ne a hana nau'ikan da ke da kusanci ga germination, kuma dole ne a tilasta nau'ikan dormant ta dumama tubers. Ana iya ƙayyade halin yanzu na kowane iri iri ta hanyar germination na gwaji (makonni uku na ajiya a cikin ɗaki mai duhu a dakin da zafin jiki).
Iri-iri masu saurin zama na dogon lokaci (ƙarfafa germination)
- Dumi har zuwa max. t 20°C
- Guji lamba kai tsaye na tubers tare da iska mai zafi (amfani da hoses dumama)
- Guji tsayawar zafi (dole ne iska ta zagaya)
- Ware ɗakuna daban don germination kowane iri-iri
- Guji canjin yanayin zafi (taimako: ma'aunin zafi da sanyio)
- Bayan dumama, adana tsari a ƙananan yanayin zafi
Iri-iri masu saurin haifuwa (karewa germination)
- Shukewa a ƙananan zafin jiki (3-5 ° C)
- Yi amfani da fitilun germination mai ƙarancin zafi
Warming up ya kamata a da za'ayi sosai a hankali, tabbatar da cewa duk tubers suna cikin yanayi guda. Wajibi ne don guje wa canje-canjen zafin jiki, in ba haka ba za a sami filaye don haɓakar rashin daidaituwa na seedlings. Mahimmin mahimmanci ga wannan shine ƙarar ɗakin: hawan iska mai dumi bai kamata ya tara a cikin yanki na manyan kwantena ba. Don haka, dole ne a kula don ware isasshen sarari (don tabbatar da zazzagewar iska kyauta). Idan babu daki na musamman, zaku iya shinge wurin da ake dumama na ɗan lokaci ta amfani da kumfa. Yi hankali: fim ɗin ba dole ne ya taɓa kwantena na ƙarshe ba, in ba haka ba ba za a sami yankin buffer don fan da tashi iska mai dumi ba. Wannan zai sa zafi ya yi yawa (Hoto 4).
Lokacin dumama, ya kamata ku kula da isasshen isashshen iskar oxygen. Saboda dumama dakin, CO2 abun ciki a cikin iska yana ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma idan dakin ba ya da iska (akalla 2x15 minutes a rana), dankali zai shaƙa (baƙar fata).
Hoto 2. Irin zafin jiki na tubers
Hoto 3. Mara sana'a - fim din yana kwance akan dankali
Hoto 4. Yanayin zafi daban-daban na tubers daga kwantena daban-daban da tsayin ajiya
Shawarwarin: Dumama ba tare da sarrafa fasaha da tsari ba a zahiri ba zai yiwu ba. Ana auna zafin jiki ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Idan zai yiwu, duba rarraba zafin jiki a cikin wurin ajiya tare da hoton zafi.
Abu na uku: Zazzabi
Muhimmin ma'auni don sarrafa ƙwayar dankalin turawa shine daidaita yanayin zafin ɗakin. Don samun tsayin da ake so na seedlings ta hanyar kwanan wata da aka shirya, ya kamata a la'akari da bukatun zafin jiki na kowane nau'in.
A watan Nuwamba-Disamba, yana da kyau a saita zafin iska a cikin daki na musamman tsakanin 4-6 ° C. A wannan zafin jiki, tuber germination na iya jinkirta. Ana iya samun rage yawan zafin jiki ta hanyar samun iska a farkon safiya.
Tsanaki: a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 3 ° C, seedlings sun fara mutuwa! Idan babu iskar iska a cikin dakin, ana samun saurin raguwar zafin jiki na digiri da yawa (Hoto 6). A cikin mafi munin yanayi, saboda bambancin zafin jiki a cikin kwantena, nau'in dankalin turawa ba zai yi girma daidai ba. Tsire-tsire a kan tubers za su sami tsayi daban-daban, wanda zai ƙara haɗarin fashewa yayin dasa shuki kuma, bi da bi, haifar da rashin daidaituwa na germination na tubers. Mai rufin rufi tare da firikwensin zafin jiki zai taimaka wajen magance matsalar, wanda zai tabbatar da yanayin da ake bukata na iska a cikin ajiya. Wannan zai tabbatar da rarraba yanayin zafi iri ɗaya a tsakanin kwantena.
Tare da zafin jiki na iska, ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga zafin ƙasa. A matakin bene a lokacin hunturu, ana kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a cikin 4°C (Hoto 5). Idan dasa kayan da aka fallasa zuwa yanayi daban-daban na kwanaki 50, wannan zai haifar da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba a cikin aiwatar da germination na tubers. Kowane wurin ajiya na mutum ne, sabili da haka germination na iri dankalin turawa tubers na bukatar kulawa ta musamman. Daidaita yawan zafin jiki yayin germination yana da matukar wahala! Kasancewar canjin yanayin zafi ya zama sananne tare da ido tsirara lokacin da ya yi latti don gyara wani abu!
Hoto 5. Cold tunani na bene yana rinjayar ci gaban seedlings
Dumama tare da haɓakar zafin jiki yana cike da haɗari - koda kuwa tsarin yana ɗaukar sa'o'i kaɗan kawai. Duk wani, ko da ƙarami, ƙwanƙwasa yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don ci gaban scab na azurfa da fusarium. Za'a iya guje wa ƙazanta kawai ta ƙara yawan zafin jiki a hankali. Wannan yana buƙatar dumama wutar lantarki da kayan aikin samun iska. Bai isa ba don sanya tukunyar fan a tsakiyar ajiya kuma kunna shi tsawon sa'o'i 20: yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi, ƙazanta zai shiga cikin ƙananan yadudduka na kwantena - kuma tare da ita scab na azurfa! Don tsananin dumama iska (a ƙasa 20 ° C), yana da kyau a yi amfani da fan da ke zagayawa da iska da sarrafa zafin jiki ta amfani da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki.
Abu na hudu: Haske
Tare da zafin jiki, tsayin tsire-tsire yana tasiri sosai da haske. Idan ka fara kunna tubers a cikin lokaci mai dacewa, zai yiwu a yi tasiri sosai akan tsawon seedlings. Yaushe ne lokacin da ya dace ya zo? Mafi aminci lokacin haɗa hasken shine ranar da farkon seedlings ya bayyana a cikin idanu.
Tushen don haske iri ɗaya wata dabara ce wacce dole ne ta rufe kowane akwati (hasken dankalin turawa ° 360; Hoto 6).
Rashin hasken wuta ko haɗin marigayi shine dalilin elongated seedlings (idan seedling ya kai wani tsayi, wannan tsari ne wanda ba zai iya canzawa ba).
Daga baya, haɗin haske yana bayyane a fili a cikin seedling tare da layin ƙuntatawa.
Me yasa akan takura? Seedling ta yanayi yana neman haske: yana fara samar da chlorophyll kawai a cikin haske. A cikin hoto na 7 ƙunƙunshe daban-daban suna bayyane sosai. A wannan yanayin, fitilar ta rataye ƙasa ko kuma masu zanen kaya suna da tsayi sosai a cikin rufi, ko kuma har yanzu ba a haɗa hasken ba. Dukansu seedlings sun bambanta a farkon lokacin haske. A irin waɗannan lokuta, wanda ya kamata ba sa ran lokaci guda germination na tubers.
Hoto 6. 360 ° - fitila don haskaka dankali
Hoto 7. Reupholstery dangane da farkon ranar hasken wuta
Shawara: Haske mai kama da juna yana tabbatar da tsire-tsire iri ɗaya. Fitilar germination 360° tana ba da garantin duk fa'idodin haske mafi kyau.
Abu na biyar: Saukowa
A germination na tubers dogara ba kawai a kan tsawon da seedlings. Nasarar ta dogara ne akan fasahar shuka da ingancin shuka. Lokacin dasa shuki, tsire-tsire ba makawa suna fuskantar damuwa na inji.
Lokacin amfani da kayan dasawa da ba daidai ba ko kayan shuka da ba a shirya sosai ba, raguwar tsiron yana yiwuwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan hasara yawanci ya fi girma fiye da yadda mutane da yawa suka ɗauka! Tushen da aka karye a lokacin dasawa shine babbar matsalar rashin shuka dankalin turawa. Saboda haɗuwa da harbe-harbe da suka lalace da karya, ana lura da matakai daban-daban na farfadowa. Wadannan matakai suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan farkon samuwar tuber ko girman tuber na gaba. Ba za a iya hana lalacewar injina ga tsiro ko karyewarsu ba (sai dai dasa shuki da hannu). An yi imanin cewa tsawon lokacin tsiro, mafi girma da yiwuwar lalacewa. Tuni a ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyin tuber na kansa (kimanin 50 g) da tsayin faɗuwa kyauta na 30 cm, don tsiro tare da yanki na kusan 1 mm.2, - riga mai yawa. Saboda haka, wajibi ne kowane tuber ya "karye" kafin ya ɗauki nauyin nauyinsa tare da sprout.
Don duba yanayin tsiron tsiro a lokacin shuka, ya kamata ku sake yin gwajin kai mai sauƙi: Yi kwatankwacin dasa dankali ta hanyar zubar da akwati na tsiro a kan wani siminti. Bayan haka, sake tattara dankali a cikin akwatin - adadin sprouts da suka fadi a bayyane yake. Ta hanyar irin wannan gwajin, bambanci a cikin ingancin sprouted tubers, da bambanci tsakanin iri da kuma ajiya batches, a fili bayyane.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don dasa tuber mai tsiro a cikin ƙasa ba tare da lalacewa ba har yanzu shine dasa shuki da hannu. Tabbas, ba shi da babban yawan aiki kuma yana da ƙarfin aiki sosai, amma lokacin gwajin kayan dasa shuki yana ba da sakamako mafi kyau. Ana kammala tsarin germination ne kawai lokacin da seedling, girma a babban kudi, an dasa shi a cikin ƙasa, kuma a kan tuber, kuma ba kusa da shi ba.
Harbe abokantaka da babban kasuwa na amfanin gona don siyarwa duk abin yabo ne na ci gaban germination na tubers dankalin turawa.
binciken
Sprouting dankalin turawa tubers ne mai rikitarwa tsari; duk wani sauki kuskure zai iya haifar da asara. Saboda haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi la'akari da kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke tasiri biyar na sama daban. Saboda karuwar buƙatun kasuwa, ana kiran kowane masana'anta don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa. Haƙiƙa ra'ayi game da kayan iri, haɗe tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace da kuma amfani da kayan aikin fasaha na musamman, zai tabbatar da nasara na dogon lokaci a cikin germination na dasa dankali!