O.V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O.A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasarmu ta sami karuwar yawan kwari masu tsire-tsire, ciki har da nau'in nau'in da aka sanya a matsayin kwari na dankalin turawa. Baya ga haifar da lalacewa kai tsaye ga shuke-shuke, waɗannan nau'ikan su ne masu ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan hoto, musamman dankalin turawa spindle tuber viroid da mosaic leaf curl virus.
Dankali tuber spindle viroid (Dankali zube tarin fuka viroid). Cutar tana halin raguwar yawan harbe-harbe, shredding ganye, da curvature na saman ganye. Bishiyoyi da petioles na ganye suna cikin wani kusurwa mai ƙarfi. Ƙaƙƙarfan lobes na saman bene suna da nakasu sosai, sun lanƙwasa zuwa tarnaƙi, suna yin sifar sikila, ganyen sun zama siffa mai siffar ivy saboda lanƙwan jijiyoyi da ƙullun ƙananan leaf lobules. Bushes da abin ya shafa sun zama kodadde, sun zama chlorotic, kuma saman suna samun launin anthocyanin. Abubuwan da suka shafi tubers suna tsayi, suna ɗaukar siffa mai kama da sandal, kuma wani lokacin fashe mai zurfi yana tasowa a kansu. Manyan tubers suna haɓaka zagaye, ɗimbin fiɗa daga diamita daga 0.5 zuwa 2.5 cm a diamita; a lokacin ajiya, tabo sun yi duhu, saman su yana taurare kuma an danna cikin tubers. A cikin nau'ikan da ke da launin anthocyanin (shuɗi mai shuɗi), lokacin da viroid ya shafa, ƙarfin launi na tubers yana raguwa. Cutar tana haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa.
Mosaic cutar cmurza saman ganyen dankalin turawa kuma aka sani da: K-mosaic leafroll virus, M-dankalin turawa cutar, Dankali paracrincle cutar Salaman, Dankali cutar M (PVM), dankalin turawa cutar 7 Smith. An bambanta shi da halayen halayen halayen: gefuna masu wavy na manyan ganye, kama da jiragen ruwa. An fi bayyana wannan alamar a lokacin girma. A ƙarshen lokacin girma, alamun cutar suna raunana ko bace gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa cutar tana wanzuwa a cikin yanayin ɓoye (latent) sannan kuma za'a iya gano ta ta amfani da hanya ta musamman - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Wani lokaci cutar ta haɗe tare da wasu cututtukan hoto (kwayoyin dankalin turawa S da X). Tsire-tsire marasa lafiya suna rage yawan amfanin ƙasa (da 25-40%) da abun ciki na sitaci na tubers (ta 2-3%). A cikin filaye iri na dankalin turawa, ana cire cututtukan viroid da tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta yayin tsaftacewar phytosanitary.
kwarin gado (hemiptera ko hemiptera) babban yanki ne na kwari tare da nau'ikan fiye da 40.
Siffar dabi'ar da aka saba da ita ga duk wakilan wannan oda ita ce sassan bakinsu masu tsotsa (proboscis yana hade, yana fitowa daga gaban kai). Mazaunan gadon sun bambanta sosai: ana iya samun kwari a gida (kwayoyin gado), a cikin ruwa (masu tudun ruwa na wurare masu zafi da ke zaune a saman teku, da kwaro na ruwa mai tsabta, tsutsa wanda ke cin abinci akan soya kifi), a cikin Yashi, dazuzzuka, da sauransu. Yawancin nau'ikan kwari suna haifar da fa'ida sosai ta hanyar tsotsa da cin kwari na tsire-tsire na noma, gami da dankali. Amma kwari masu ciyawa na iya haifar da babbar illa ga gonakin.
An gano kwari akan dankali
Ana samun nau'ikan kwari iri-iri iri-iri a kan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire: ƙwayar mustard (Eurydema festiva L), bug kore (Nezara viridula L), bug gwoza kore (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), Bug Norway (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - ban da ciyar da shuka. abinci, wannan nau'in yana lalata ƙwayoyin kwari - ciki har da ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado; Meadow bug ( Lygus pratensis L), alfalfa bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), kore itace bug (Palomena prasina L), tsiri bug ( Graphosoma italicus Mull ), gwoza bug (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), gurasa bug (Trigonotyr ruficornis Gefen. ). Wakilan dangin horsefly sun fi rayayye watsa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Slepnyaks ya da Miridae - kwari na ƙananan ƙananan, yawanci elongated, tare da murfin taushi. Suna cin abinci ne akan ruwan 'ya'yan itace. A cikin duka, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 650 a cikin iyali - wannan shine fiye da rabin nau'in kwari a cikin dabbobin gida. Kimanin nau'ikan 50 na cutar da amfanin gona. Wasu nau'ikan suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan tsire-tsire. Yawancin nau'ikan wannan iyali sune mafi cutarwa.
Kwaro dankali (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - wani kwaro mai kodadde koren launi, tsawon mm shida zuwa takwas. Eriyas suna da tsayi kuma kamar zare. Ƙwayoyin suna rawaya kuma har zuwa mm biyu a diamita. An samo shi akan kabeji, dankali, wardi, da chrysanthemums. Larvae (nymphs) da manyan kwari suna tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ganye, inflorescences, da furanni. Necrotic spots bayyana a lalace yankunan ganye. Ganyen suna murƙushewa kuma mai tushe ya zama maras kyau. A tsakiyar latitudes, kwaro yana samar da tsararraki biyu a kowace shekara. Mata sa qwai a cikin mai tushe na woody shuke-shuke, inda suka overwinter. Nymphs na ƙyanƙyashe daga qwai a cikin bazara kuma suna ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
Bug makiyaya ko bug filin (Lygus pratensis L). Tsawon jiki 5-7 mm. Jikin gajere ne m, launi ya bambanta daga kore-rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Shugaban yana da layukan duhu guda uku, tsutsayen suna rawaya-kore, tare da dige-dige baƙaƙe guda biyar a gefen sama na jiki (biyu akan pronotum, biyu akan mesonotum ɗaya kuma a gefen sama na ciki). Rarraba ko'ina sai yankin tundra. Manya-manyan kwaroron roba suna mamaye lokacin hunturu a ƙarƙashin tarkacen tsire-tsire a cikin gonakin bishiya. Fitowa daga matsuguni yana faruwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. A cikin bazara (Afrilu - Mayu), kwari na makiyaya yana ciyar da yawancin amfanin gona na hunturu, sannan ya yi ƙaura zuwa tsire-tsire na kayan lambu, beets sugar da ciyawa, bayan haka yana motsawa zuwa shuka dankalin turawa. Mata suna yin ƙwai a cikin kyallen takarda na petioles ko veins na ganyen nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Lokacin embryoniya yana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 10. Larvae suna tasowa a cikin kwanaki 25-35. A cikin yankin steppe a kudancin Ukraine, a cikin yankin Lower Volga da kuma a Arewacin Caucasus, kwaro yana ba da tsararraki uku zuwa hudu, a cikin gandun daji-steppe zone - ƙarni uku, a tsakiyar yankin Turai na Rasha. Tarayya - tsararraki biyu, a yankunan arewa ƙarni daya ko biyu. Jirgin na ƙarni na farko a tsakiyar tsakiyar Tarayyar Rasha ana lura da shi a ƙarshen Yuni - farkon Yuli, ƙarni na biyu - daga rabi na biyu na Yuli zuwa ƙarshen Agusta. Kwarorin Meadow suna da hannu sosai, galibi suna tashi don neman tsiron abinci masu dacewa. Ganyen da kwaro ke cinyewa, tsire-tsiren da abin ya shafa sun yi reshe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma suna ci gaba da girma. Lalatattun buds da furanni sun fadi. A wasu shekaru, kwaro na haifar da babbar illa ga amfanin gona, wanda a ko da yaushe ba za a iya tantance girman sa da ido ba, tunda kwari ma suna zama masu ɗauke da cututtuka masu yaduwa.
Alfalfa bugu talakawa ko doki alfalfa (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze). Tsawon jiki 7.5 - 9.0 mm. Proboscis ya wuce tsakiyar prothorax. Na sama na jiki an lullube shi da gashin azurfa. Akwai baƙar fata biyu zuwa huɗu akan pronotum. An samo shi a cikin yankin Turai na Rasha - a arewa zuwa yankunan Karelia, Kirov da Sverdlovsk, a cikin gandun daji da gandun daji-steppe na Siberiya da tsakiyar Asiya - har zuwa 62.о Tare da w. Qwai dage farawa a cikin mai tushe na perennial legumes overwinter. Ci gaban bayan haihuwa na kwaro yana ɗaukar kwanaki 14 - 60 a zazzabi na + 15 - 20оC. Mafi kyawun yanayin zafi don haɓakar kwari: + 20 - 30оC. Larvae na gado yana raguwa sau huɗu kuma yana haɓaka, dangane da zafin jiki, daga kwanaki 14 zuwa 34. A cikin Ukraine sun ba da biyu, kuma a tsakiyar Asiya - ƙarni uku.
A yanayin zafi ƙasa +15оTare da ci gaban ƙwai a cikin mata, ci gaban yana tsayawa. An lura cewa a kudancin yankin steppe na Ukraine da kuma kudu maso gabas na yankin Turai na Rasha, yanayin zafi yana haifar da raguwar yawan kwari. Yawan kwarin kuma yana raguwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi.
A kan dankali, ƙwayoyin alfalfa sun fi yawa a yankunan kudanci. Ainihin, kwari suna ciyar da gabobin halittu na shuke-shuke, wanda ke haifar da buds da furanni su bushe kuma su fadi.
Bug filin (makiyaya (Lygus pratensis L)). Tsawon kwari shine 6.0 - 6.5 mm. Jikin yana lebur, elongated. Launi shine launin toka-kore ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Kwaron filin yana da yawa. Yana ciyar da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu yawa. Manyan kwari (imago) suna yin hibernate kuma suna farkawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. A watan Afrilu - Mayu, kwari suna ciyar da amfanin gona na hunturu, sannan su matsa zuwa seedlings na tsire-tsire na kayan lambu, beets na sukari, ciyawa na abinci, da dai sauransu, bayan haka sun bayyana akan dankali. Ana rarraba nau'in a ko'ina sai dai a yankin tundra. A cikin tsakiyar yankin na Tarayyar Rasha, kwaro yana ba da ƙarni biyu (ƙarni), a kudancin Ukraine, a cikin yankin Lower Volga, a Arewacin Caucasus - uku zuwa hudu. A tsakiyar yankin, kwari na farko suna tashi a ƙarshen Yuni, farkon Yuli, kuma manya na biyu suna tashi daga rabin na biyu na Yuli zuwa ƙarshen Agusta. Ayyukan kwari masu tashi suna da girma, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar cututtuka masu kamuwa da cuta da suke ɗauka (kamar dankalin turawa, tuber viroid ko cutar gothic dankalin turawa, ƙwayoyin cuta na mosaic dankalin turawa, stolbur na tsire-tsire na nightshade), musamman a kudancin Rasha.
Bug gwoza ko kumalop launin ruwan kasa gwoza (Poecloscytus, Polymerus cognatus Fieb) ko Gwoza doki. Tsawon 3-5 mm. Jikin yana lulluɓe da gashin siliki; a gefen gaba na pronotum, zoben mahaifa yana rabu da tsagi mai zurfi. Launi yana canzawa, bambance-bambance, yawanci launin ruwan kasa-rawaya. Koli na scutellum koyaushe rawaya ne. Fuskokin gaba suna da launin ruwan kasa-rawaya tare da tabo mai sifar baƙar fata a tsakiya. Membran suna da hayaki-launin ruwan kasa, triangle tsakanin membrane da sauran elytra ja-launin ruwan kasa. Tsutsa kore ne tare da jajayen idanu, har zuwa 3.3 mm a tsayi. Akwai baƙar fata guda biyu akan garkuwar. Akwai wani tabo baƙar fata a gefen dorsal na ciki. Kwai suna overwinter akan tsire-tsire daban-daban (bindweed, quinoa, alfalfa, pigweed, rapeseed, da sauransu). A cikin bazara, tsutsa tsutsa suna tasowa akan waɗannan tsire-tsire. Manyan kwari suna fitowa kuma suna tashi a ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni. Suna warwatse sama da nisan kilomita uku kuma suna tafiya zuwa gonaki iri-iri ciki har da dankali. Nauyin ya fi lalata amfanin gona da dashen gwoza. Mace daga cikin kwaro sa qwai a cikin nama daga cikin veins da petioles na ganye, a cikin babba m sassa na mai tushe, ajiye su a cikin kungiyoyin da dama guda, a hankali guga man da juna. Mace daya tana yin kwai 70 zuwa 240. Kwayoyin Bedbug, dangane da zafin jiki, suna tasowa cikin kwanaki 5-15. Larvae yana ciyarwa kuma yana haɓaka don watanni 1 - 1.5. A tsakiyar tsakiyar Rasha, kwaro yana ba da tsararraki biyu, a cikin yankunan kudancin - uku zuwa hudu. Lokacin da ganyen gwoza suka yi ƙarfi kuma suka zama marasa dacewa don ciyar da kwari, suna ƙaura zuwa tsire-tsire na quinoa, alfalfa, wormwood, da sauransu, inda suke zama har zuwa ƙarshen kaka kuma suna yin ƙwai waɗanda suka rage don lokacin hunturu. Lokacin da ake ciyar da beets, kwari suna tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ganyen, suna sa su karkata. Ganyen da suka lalace daga baya sun zama launin ruwan kasa kuma su bushe. Sa'an nan kuma kwari suna motsawa zuwa ga mafi taushi ga ganye na tsakiya, sakamakon abin da tsire-tsire suka daina girma ko bushe gaba daya. Furen buds sun bushe kuma sakamakon da aka samu ya zama launin ruwan kasa. Lokacin da kwari suka lalace, nauyi da abun da ke cikin sukari na tushen gwoza suna raguwa, kuma gwangwani suna samar da ƙananan tsaba tare da ƙananan germination. Kwayoyin gwoza suna yada mosaic ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwaron ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji-steppe da yanki na tsiro na gwoza. An lura a matsayin mai tsanani kwaro beets a cikin steppe yankuna (Central Asia, Altai Territory, Eastern ɓangare na steppe zone na Ukraine, Voronezh yankin, Krasnodar Territory, Western Siberiya). Polyphagous Babban tsire-tsire na abinci - ban da dankali da beets - su ne vetch, Peas, mustard, hemp, flax, alfalfa, sunflower, waken soya, lentil, sainfoin, da dai sauransu. Kwayoyin gwoza suna haifar da cutarwa musamman a lokacin bushewa, lokacin da ciyawar daji ta bushe. a waje, kwari suna ƙaura daga wuraren da ke kusa da ɓarke da wuraren zama don amfanin gonakin shuke-shuken da aka noma. Manya-manyan kwari da tsutsa suna tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ganye, kuma da farko ba a ganuwa ayyukansu. A kan ganyayen da ke bushewa kawai za ku iya ganin faɗuwar busassun sap. Tsire-tsire masu mutuwa suna yin baki su bushe, kuma tsiron ya zama kamar zare. Kwancen gado suna yada cututtukan cututtuka na cututtukan cututtuka na dankalin turawa da beets na sukari.
Maƙiyan dabi'a na kwari masu tsiro: ladybugs, pseudoscorpions, wasu nau'in centipedes da tururuwa.
Yaki
- Cire ragowar amfanin gona daga filin.
- Farkon kaka noman.
- Kame ciyawa a iyakoki da yankunan da ke kewaye da amfanin gona.
Wajibi ne a yanka a hankali a cire tsire-tsire na daji daga filin, kuma a yanka alfalfa kadan don cire ƙwai masu yawa daga cikin filayen.
Kafin lokacin bazara, dole ne a tattara ganyen daji a hankali kuma a ƙone su.
Ba a ba da shawarar shuka shuke-shuken dankalin turawa kusa da amfanin gona na ciyawa na perennial ba.