Sharuɗɗan girma dankali a cikin Federationungiyar Rasha ba sananne ba ne saboda ire-iren ire-ire. A bayyane yake cewa nau'ikan da suka yi nasara a cikin ƙasar sune waɗanda aka san mafi girma kuma ana iya samun nasarar girma cikin yankuna daban-daban.
Anastasia Borovkova, Ph.D. s. Sci., Shugaban Dankali, Seedungiyar Hadin Gwiwa ta Jamusanci
Duk da ra'ayin da aka bazu kwanan nan game da rage yawan amfani da dankalin da mazaunan Rasha ke yi, Rosstat ya shaida akasin haka. Misali, a cikin 1990, yawan cin dankalin turawa ya kai kilogira 106, a 2000 - 118 kg, kuma a 2016 - 113 kg. Wato, har yanzu dankali shine "biredi na biyu" kuma yana da tabbaci kan matsayinsa duka a kan teburin abinci da teburin Russia, da kuma a fagen ma'aikatan karkara.
A cewar Cibiyar ta AB, a shekarar 2017, dankali a bangaren kasuwanci ya girma a wani yanki na 299,9 dubu ha a cikin gundumomin tarayya takwas da kuma yankuna 78. Shin wannan ba alama ce ta ɗumbin labarin ɗabi'ar bunkasa al'adu ba? Tabbas, eh, musamman idan ka lura da yadda aka sake raba yankunan da ke cikin amfanin gona a cikin shekaru bakwai da suka gabata.
Gabaɗaya, canjin yanayin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin dankali daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2017 ba abu ne mai daɗi ba: a cikin Rasha a wannan lokacin, yankuna sun ragu da 16,2%, canje-canje masu girma sun faru a Gundumar Tarayya ta Volga - ba a rage 50,7% ba, Arewacin Caucasian Tarayyar Tarayya ta daina. don dasa dankali kan fiye da 32% na yankunan da aka yi amfani da su a baya.
Ba da yawa ba, amma har yanzu yankunan da ke Tsakiya, Kudu, Arewa maso Yamma da FD na Gabas ta Tsakiya sun faɗi - da 10,8; 7,0; 3,3; 2,0% bi da bi. A lokaci guda, Ural da Siberian FDs sun ci gaba sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran, an ƙara 18,6 da 50,4% na yankin ƙarƙashin "gurasa ta biyu".
Dankali ya tsallake har zuwa yankuna marasa ƙarfi da 'tsananin' rauni. Wannan shi ne wani bangare saboda canjin yanayi da duminsa, amma, a mafi girma, a ganina, wannan shine darajar masu shayarwa: nau'ikan sun fito wanda zai iya yin nasarar girma a cikin irin wannan yanayi.
Bayan haka, aikin mai kiwo daidai ne wannan: don haɗa dukkan abubuwan (na halitta da na kasuwa) da kuma fitar da nau'ikan da suka dace daidai da yanayin yanki, wanda ke ba da babbar riba, amma kuma ya dace da bukatun kasuwannin zamani - ma'ana, ana bambanta shi da kyawawan launi mai haske na kwasfa, faruwar ido a ido , dacewa don wanka da tsaftacewa, juriya ga lalacewar inji da duhu bayan tsabtatawa, tare da dogon lokacin ajiya ba tare da asarar inganci ba.
Tare da tallafawa wannan, zamu iya kawo bayanai game da yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci, alamu kusan ninki biyu: daga 3388,0 zuwa tan dubu 6737,6 daga 2010 zuwa 2017, duk da raguwar yankin da aka shuka.
Gabatar da fasaha mai tasowa da fasaha na zamani, yin amfani da sabbin nau'ikan suna ba ku damar samun amfanin gona na matakin daban a adadi da inganci.
Babban mai nuna ci gaban fasaha na masana'antar girma, yana haɗar da tasirin nau'in shuka da aka yi amfani da shi, ma'adinai da takin gargajiya, hanyar magance cututtuka da kwari, shine yawan amfanin gona.
Seedungiyar Seed na Jamusanci (GAW), ɗaya daga cikin masu hannun jari wanda shine kamfanin shuka iri na Jamusanci SOLANA (Solana), yana fitar da dankali iri a cikin Turai zuwa kasuwar Rasha, kuma yana samar da kayan iri a cikin ƙasar fiye da shekaru 20. Tare da babban hanyar gwaje-gwaje na gwaji da kuma samar da kasuwanci a duk faɗin Rasha, muna iya dogaro da faɗi yadda nau'ikan SOLANA ke nunawa a cikin ƙasa daban-daban da yanayin yanayi.
A cikin ɓaure. 1 yana nuna matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa don 2016-2017. Tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a Rasha na 236 kilogiram / ha, nau'ikan guda biyar daga 14 sun nuna amfanin gona sau biyu kamar waɗannan alamu (Labella, Red Lady, Koroleva Anna, Laperla, Lilly).
Jagoran gwajin shine farkon Laperla iri-iri - 575 c / ha. Yawan amfanin gona ya bambanta daga 385 zuwa 448 kg / ha. Hatta "tsoffin sojoji" na aikin Zekur da Rosar ba sa rasa mukamansu, yawan amfanin gonar da suka samu ya kai 396 da 434 c / ha, bi da bi.
Idan wannan al'ada ta wadata ta kasuwa, to ta yaya mai gona zai iya bunkasa shi da iyakar ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin? Hadaddiyar hanya tana da mahimmanci anan. Babu wasu batutuwa masu fasahar kere kere a cikin fasaha; kowannensu yana ba da gudummawarsa ga “bankin alade” na amfanin gona kuma a ƙarshe, riba.
A cewar Darektan Ma'aikatar Shuka Shuka, Mechanization, Chemicalization da Shuka Tsarin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona na Tarayyar Rasha P.A. Chekmareva, rawar iri da iri mai ingancin abu ne mai girma, an kiyasta gudummawar da amfanin gonar ya kai kashi 20%.
A cikin 2017, rabon noman amfanin gona daga amfani da sabbin iri ya kai biliyan 603 (24%). Sauran abubuwan ba su da mahimmanci: sakamakon samarwa ya dogara da kayan aiki da fasaha ta 25%, kan takin zamani da kayayyakin kariya na shuka - da kashi 23%, kan kasa da yanayin yanayi - da kashi 20%, kan juyawar amfanin gona - da 12%.
Dukkanin abubuwan da ke tattare da dalilai da kuma irin gudummawar da suka bayar ga sakamakon karshe - yawan amfanin gona - ana iya gano su a cikin siffa. 2, wanda ke nuna yawan amfanin ƙasa na iriran dankalin SOLANA da aka gwada a waɗannan yankuna a cikin 2017.
Lokacin 2017 ya juya ya zama mai wuya kuma a yawancin yankuna an san shi da yanayin bazara mai sanyi, wanda ya haifar da saurin sauka da harbe har abada. Lokacin bazara kuma bai bambanta cikin yanayin yanayi mai kyau ba, yawan danshi a yanayin zafi mai tsawo a ƙasa yanayin damina ya bar alama a kan samuwar amfanin gona.
Tsaftacewa a yankuna da yawa na ƙasar ma ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda yawan ruwan sama da ake samu. A lokaci guda, a cikin yankunan da suke shugabanni a yankuna a ƙarƙashin dankali - Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Sverdlovsk - an sami matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa: 625 c / ha, 528 c / ha, 530 c / ha, 525 c / ha. Noma a cikin waɗannan yankuna, ta amfani da fasahohi da fasahohi masu haɓaka, suna aiki tare da takin zamani da kayayyakin kariya na tsire-tsire, sun sami nasarar fahimtar tasirin iri. Matsakaicin amfanin gwajin mu - 646 c / ha - an same shi a Jamhuriyar Ingushetia, inda manoma suka fi amfani da dabarun noman iri daban-daban, suna sauraren shawarwarin masu kiwo da haɗa dukkan fannonin fasaha gaba ɗaya.
Daga 400 zuwa 500 c / ha an samu a cikin Moscow, Tambov, Voronezh, Oryol, Kursk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov yankuna. Daga 300 zuwa 400 c / ha - a cikin Kurgan, Pskov, Belgorod, yankuna Ulyanovsk, Jamhuriyoyin Tatarstan, UdmurTiya, Bashkortostan, Tervropol Territory.
Yawan amfanin gonar dankali a kasuwa a cikin shekara ta 2017 a matsakaici a Rasha ya kai kilo 236 / ha. Shin wannan ya isa ya amfanar da gona? Kamar yadda lissafi ya nuna (Jadawalin 1), lokacin amfani da kayan aiki na zamani da fasaha na zamani don samar da dankali a wani yanki na akalla kadada 100 (kadada 90 na dankali mai kasuwa da kuma kadada 10 na shuka), aikin zai biya kansa a cikin shekaru biyar tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa dankalin dankalin turawa 500 c / ha, raguwar haɓaka kayan aiki na 50 c kawai yana tsawan payback har zuwa shekaru 7. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha yana barazanar manoma tare da asara mai yawa.
Tunawa da sake game da wani kamfen mai rikitarwa, Ina so in kawo karshen tare da ambato daga mashahurin malamin tauhidi Halford E. Luccock: “Ba wanda zai iya buga wasannin waka kadai. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gaba ɗaya "... Kuma wane violin ne zai zama jagora a cikin wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa ya rage gare ku.