SIFFOFIN TARIHI
Alexander Kuznetsov, Babban Darakta, SPSK Ustyuzhensky Dankali
Alexander Hutti, Ph.D. (Biol.), Babban Mai Bincike, Naman Kwari, Viral, Mycoplasma da cututtukan Nematode na Dankali da kayan lambu, etungiyar Binciken Binciken Russianasa ta Rasha don Kariyar Shuka.
Daya daga cikin cutukan dankali mai cutarwa shine cutar Rhizoctonia, ko "bakar fata" wanda sanadin naman gwari Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn a cikin ajizanci halin tsufa. Babban haɗarin rhizoctonia yana da alaƙa da halayen halitta da tsarin rayuwa, ƙyale naman gwari ya yi gwagwarmayar samun nasarar rayuwa, gami da karɓar damar daidaitawa, kasancewar ƙwararrun rukunin dabbobi marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ke tsayayya da wasu magungunan fungicides na zamani, ɗumbin tsire-tsire masu raunin garkuwa da tsirrai masu tsabta waɗanda ke kiyaye da tasiri a cikin ƙasa shekaru.
Kashi Na I.
MAGANAR SAUKI
Juyin halittar cutar shine irin yadda rhizoctonia a matsayin kwaro ya fi dacewa da duk matakan da ake yadawa na shuka mai shuka kuma yana iya fara bunkasar shi da farkon dankalin dankalin Turawa. Tsarin cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban na rhizoctoniasis, duka a cikin ƙasa da kan farfajiya na tuber (a mafi yawan lokuta) ko a cikin dankalin turawa da kanta (a latent form), ger ger da cutar da shuka lokaci guda tare da bayyanar sprouts, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yaxuwa ya sakewa cikin ƙasa.
Naman gwari yana shafar dukkanin gabobin da ke ɓoyayyen dankali: Tushen, stolons, idanu, sprouts, tushen wuya, ɓangarorin da mai tushe ke cikin ƙasa, tubers, da kuma ɓangaren m na mai tushe a farfajiya na ƙasa. Kwayar cutar sikari ce babba: raunuka akan dukkan gabobin karkashin kasa da na sama na bangarori daban-daban da launuka (daga haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin baƙar fata), duka suna da bushewa; m mycelium mai launi a kan farfajiya na tarin fitsari ko sclerotic compaction, wanda yake shine cingaban da ke cikin mycelium na fungal mai duhu zuwa baki, da kuma nau'ikan fashe-fashe, na zuciya.
A ɓangaren saman iska mai tushe, kusa da asalinsu, an ƙirƙiri farin “mycelium white white” - matakin jima’i na naman gwari, wanda ke haifar da samuwar jijiyoyin da za su iya kamuwa da samarin tubers. Saboda kayar da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin, bangaren iska na shukar shima yana shan wahala: akwai asarar turgor da wilting, curling din ganye tare da "kwale-kwale" tare da sayan launin ja-ja-ja, samuwar tubers na iska, wanda ke nuna wata hanyar cuta da ke wucewa a cikin sashin karkashin kasa na shuka.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an sami kyakkyawan yanayi game da samuwar "fararen ƙafa" ba a lokacin rabin na biyu na noman ba, amma a lokacin cikewar dankali. Hakanan ana yin irin wannan yanayin don nau'in ulcer na tubers. Bayyanar wannan alamar cutar tana da girma kuma sau da yawa yakan watsar da wata sananniyar alama - black sclerotia. Haɗarin ƙwayar ulcerative yana cikin haɓakar cutarwarsa, ƙazamar lalacewa a cikin ingancin dankali, wahalar ganewar asali da rashinsa a cikin sabon GOST 33996-2016 “Dankalin iri. Yanayin fasaha da hanyoyin don tantance ingancin ”, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 01 ga watan Janairun 2018, wanda wani bangare ke taimakawa wajen bazuwar cutar.
Harmfularfin cutar da farko yana shafar halayen shuka: ƙwayayen da aka shafa na iya haɗawa gaba ɗaya ko rasa ƙwayar su, yana haifar da asarar tsirrai a cikin filin, ƙarancin mai tushe, rage darajar ingancin sabon amfanin gona, da asara daga wakili mai haifar da rhizoctonia na iya bambanta daga 10-20 har zuwa 40%.
Don haka, an zaɓi rhizoctoniosis (dangane da abubuwan haɗari, karuwar tashin hankali da tashin hankali, karɓar mamaki) a matsayin kayan gwaji a cikin binciken game da tasirin masu kariya a kai, wanda aka jera a cikin "Jerin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma An ba da izini ga Abunchemicals don Amfani don 2018" kuma an gabatar da shi a Kasuwancin Rasha.
Jerin ayyukan gwajin fasaha ya hada da ba wai kawai nazarin tasirin wakilan kayan kwalliya a kan rhizoctoniasis ba, har ma da bin diddigin a cikin dogon lokaci (aƙalla shekaru uku na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta: mai haifar da cutar cuta wakili ne na suturar tsire-tsire) na tasirin kwayoyi akan rigakafin dankalin turawa, yawan amfanin ƙasa: yawa da ingancin irin kayan da aka samar. tantance ingancin kiyaye shi a lokacin ajiyar kaka-damuna, da ƙaddarar yaduwa da cutarwar wasu cututtuka masu haɗuwa, da sauransu.
Kwarewar ciyawar an kafa ta ne a yanayin samar da gonar Burov LLC (Vologda Oblast, Ustyuzhsky District). Yanayin yankin yana matsakaici na nahiyoyi, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara 500 mm ne, yashi ƙasa mai yashi ya mamaye. A lokacin girma daga Mayu zuwa Satumba 2018, matsakaicin zafin iska ya kasance daga 13,3 zuwa 18,5 ° С; an gyara zafi a matakin 64 zuwa 83%; hazo ya kasance daga 25,9 zuwa 103,7 mm. La'akari da waɗannan bayanan, an fahimci yankin tattalin arziƙin a matsayin wuri na gwaji mafi kyau don gwajin fasaha da aka tsara, tunda Rhizoctonia ya fi son matsakaicin yanayin zafi da zafi.
A lokacin gwajin, an yi amfani da nau'in dankalin turawa na Labadia na mafi fitattu. An zaɓi nau'ikan a matsayin tunani don haɗuwa da abubuwan da yawa: matsakaici da wuri, tare da kwasfa na launin rawaya mai haske (ƙarin tsinkaye game da alamun cutar ta bayyana), saitin tebur, tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa, wanda ya dace da kowane nau'in ƙasa, mai saurin kamuwa da rhizoctonia.
An gwada nau'ikan Labadia don dacewa da alamu na fasaha (musamman, kamar kamuwa da cuta tare da kwayar cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan fungal da cututtukan nematode) an aiwatar da su daidai da sabon GOST 33996-2016 "dankali iri. Yanayin fasaha da hanyoyi don tantance inganci. " Dangane da sakamakon binciken, kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don dasa ya yi daidai da duk alamu da alamu na fasaha kuma an gano shi da 'yanci daga kamuwa da cuta, musamman, rhizoctonia.
A cikin gwajin fasaha na samarwa, an yi amfani da tsare-tsaren 12 ta amfani da layin zamani na magungunan maye gurbi waɗanda ke kunshe cikin "Jerin magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da agrochemicals da aka amince don amfani dasu a cikin 2018" kuma an gabatar da su a kasuwar Rasha (tebur 1).
Tebur na 3. Manufofin cancanta (kasuwa): yawan amfanin ƙasa, nauyi da kuma rabewa gwargwadon sakamakon gwajin gwaji kan gwajin ƙwayoyi akan cutar rhizoctonia dankalin turawa - Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
Carriedirƙirar gwajin, ƙaddamar da ƙwarewa, gudanar da bincike da kuma rakodin rikodi na gaba an aiwatar dasu daidai da jagororin da ma'aikatan WIZR suka kirkiro "Jagororin hanya don gwajin fasaha na abubuwan ban dariya a cikin aikin gona, 2009". Saukar da makircin gwajin an yi shi ne da gangan, a cikin maimaitawa sau hudu kan asalin cutar ta dabi'a. Samfurorin samfuran da aka yi ya faru ne daga alamun da aka sanya alama (10m)2, Tsire-tsire 30 kowane), a rana ɗaya daga kowace maƙirai, bi da bi.
An aiwatar da suturar Tuber a ƙarƙashin yanayin samarwa ta amfani da kayan girki na Grimme GL 34T tare da jeri na 75 cm. An zuba shirye-shiryen da aka gwada a cikin na'urar sutura ta tuber bisa ga ka'idar da masana'anta suka ba da shawarar, bayan wannan an dasa tubers a cikin ƙasa.
Kirki ya rufe manyan matakai uku na ci gaban dankalin turawa, mafi kyawu domin bincike da kuma nazarin ci gaban pathogenesis na rhizoctoniasis: cikakken tsiro (tsiro mai tsayi daga 5 zuwa 15 cm), cikakken fure da kuma lokacin hurawa, da kuma lokacin girkin dankalin turawa (lissafin ire-iren dankalin da za'a iya sayarwa: yawan amfanin gona, nauyi da tsagewa).
Sakamakon farko na gwaje-gwaje na fasaha na wakilai na kayan miya ya nuna (Jadawalin 2) cewa a cikin farkon ƙidaya (cikakken lokacin germination), sarrafawar da ba a kula da shi ba ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako, huhun da harbe wanda ya ƙasa da na duk sauran sigogin masu gwajin gwaji.
Tsarin gwaji tare da wakilai na kayan miya yana nuna cewa a cikin duk bambance-bambancen gwaji, soyayyar seedling ya kasance daidai kuma bai wuce 10% na yawan yankin da aka mamaye ba.
A cikin na biyu (lokaci na fure) da na uku (lokaci na budding), lissafin don ci gaba da kulawa da kulawa ba ya kasancewa a matakin ɗaya: abin da ya faru na rhizoctoniosis na dankalin turawa da furanni da kanana ya kasance ƙasa ko a matakin kare.
Irin waɗannan alamu suna nuna cewa ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa kuma tana da 'free daga rhizoctoniasis kamuwa da cuta ta dace da GOST 33996-2016 cikakkiyar haɓaka ba tare da amfani da wakilan kariya na sinadarai ba, ba tare da fuskantar damuwa ba sakamakon matsanancin ƙwayar cuta da aka yi akan tsarin rigakafin dankali don haka ya nuna sakamakon yana da kyau ko kamantawa da masu kariya kuma suna iya jurewa ("ku rabu") daga kamuwa da cuta da ke cikin ƙasa.
Dangane da jimlar bayanan, a cikin ƙarfin adadin ƙididdigar uku (tebur 2) da kuma lokacin girbin dankali (tebur 3), makircin da ke ƙasa A'a. Ya fito ne daga masu gwajin gwaji: yawan amfanin ƙarshe da halayen kasuwanci sun kasance mafi kyau.
Rashin ingantattun alamun da ke nuna rashin nasara (yaduwa da haɓaka rhizoctonia a cikin tsirarwa da stolons) a cikin masu kariya, da bambanci ga kulawa da ba a kula da su ba, abu ne mai wuyar fahimta kuma gaskiyar lamari ne: yin amfani da sinadarai yana haifar da jinkirin ci gaba da haɓaka tsirrai, wanda hakan ke iya rage garkuwar jiki da haifar da ƙari mummunan kamuwa da cuta tare da cututtuka, a cikin yanayinmu, rhizoctonia. Yana da kyau a sani cewa wannan hoton alama ce ta wannan gwajin ta yin amfani da kayan shuka wanda aka sani da 'yanci daga kamuwa da cutar rhizoctonia bisa ga GOST 33996-2016 A gaban kamuwa da cuta, a cikin tsari ɗaya ko wata, a cikin dankali iri (koda ba faduwa ƙarƙashin GOST 33996-2016), sakamakon zai zama akasin haka.
Don haka, yin amfani da wakilai masu kayan miya masu inganci, a matsayin misali na zaɓi na 4, ya zama baratacce kuma yana tasiri da mahimmancin waɗannan halaye masu mahimmanci kamar haɓaka da kasuwancin kasuwa, wanda shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tsararren ƙwayar dankali.
DAGA BATSA: muna jawo hankalin masu karatu cewa wannan kayan ya ƙunshi bayanai akan sakamakon gwajin girma a farkon shekarar gwaji. A fitowa ta gaba ta mujallar, za mu buga cigaban labarin: labarin zai hada da lura da karbar dankalin da aka karba a matakai daban-daban na ajiya a cikin kakar 2018/2019, da kuma sakamakon shekarar ta biyu ta binciken.