Fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1922, wani jirgin sama mai ɗauke da kayan aiki don gudanar da ayyukan sinadarai ta iska ta amfani da hanyar fesa kwari da cututtuka ya tashi daga filin jirgin sama na babban birnin Khhodynka. Gwajin gwajin da aka samu ya nuna mafarin ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.
A yau, amfani da hanyoyin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama daban-daban don kare shuka yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki, saboda yana ba da damar:
- babban saka idanu na nesa na amfanin gona;
- matakan kariya a cikin gajeren lokaci na noma kuma a cikin wuraren da ke da wuyar isa ga kwari masu haɗari musamman (fara, asu na makiyaya, kwari-kamar rodents, Colorado dankalin turawa beetles, kunkuru masu cutarwa) da cututtuka (tsatsa leaf, marigayi blight, alternaria);
- jiyya lokacin da ƙasa ke da ruwa sosai, lokacin da kayan aikin ƙasa ba za su iya shiga filin ba, musamman lokacin yaƙi da ciyawa;
- sarrafa dogayen amfanin gona (masara, sunflower) da iri iri;
- sarrafa kayan abinci na shinkafa;
- desiccation;
- sarrafa amfanin gona a kan gangara tare da gangara sama da digiri 7, inda kayan aikin feshin ƙasa ba za su iya aiki ba.
A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tushen jiragen ruwa na aikin gona shine AN-2. A halin yanzu, ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na aikin gona yana ci gaba da haɓaka amfani da manyan jiragen sama masu haske (ULA) da motocin marasa matuƙa (UAV), waɗanda ke da rahusa fiye da jiragen sama masu nauyi. Dangane da ka'idojin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na tarayya da kuma lambar iska ta Tarayyar Rasha, jirgin sama mai haske jirgin sama ne (jirgin sama) wanda ke da:
- matsakaicin nauyin ɗaukar nauyi bai wuce 495 kg ba (ban da kayan aikin ceto na jirgin sama);
- Matsakaicin matsakaicin saurin tsayawa (mafi ƙarancin gudun jirgi) wanda bai wuce 65 km/h ba.
Jiragen marasa matuki (UAV) sun haɗa da motocin da matukan jirgi ke sarrafa tafiyarsu da ke wajen jirgin (matukin nesa).
Siffofin madaidaicin yanayin amfani da UAV an ƙaddara su ta matsakaicin nauyin ɗaukar nauyi:
- har zuwa 250 g - ba a ƙarƙashin rajista na jihar ko lissafin kudi;
- daga 250 g zuwa 30 kg - dangane da rajistar jihar wajibi;
- daga 30 kg kuma fiye - suna ƙarƙashin rajista na jihar.
Muhimman fa'idodi na amfani da UAVs da SLAs sune:
- babu hasara daga lalacewa ga amfanin gona ta ƙafafun ko buƙatar amfani da layin tram (a kwatanta da kayan aikin ƙasa);
- babban inganci tare da rage farashin aiki (idan aka kwatanta da jiragen sama masu nauyi, tunda waɗannan jiragen ba sa buƙatar filayen jiragen sama).
Yin amfani da jirgin sama mara matuki yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin kamar haka:
- samun cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirƙirar tushen zane-zane don ƙasar noma da sanya kayan aikin gona tare da ainihin daidaitawarsu don tsarawa da sa ido kan hanyoyin fasaha na samar da aikin gona;
- gudanar da saka idanu mai nisa bisa la'akari da daukar hoto iri-iri na ƙasan gonakin gona don sanin yanayin da bunƙasa amfanin gona, hasashen yawan amfanin gona bisa ƙididdige ma'aunin ciyayi dangane da sakamakon ɗaukar hoto, da dai sauransu;
- sarrafawar aiki a cikin ainihin lokaci akan aikin kayan aiki na ƙasa da ingancin aikin noma;
- geocoded phytosanitary saka idanu na noma ƙasar domin sanin matakin weediness na amfanin gona, gaban kwari da manifestations cututtuka a farkon mataki na ci gaba, ciki har da a cikin latent form;
Yin amfani da UAVs don ɗaukar hoto na sararin samaniya na ƙasar noma yana ba da, idan aka kwatanta da hotunan tauraron dan adam, samun hotuna tare da ƙuduri mafi girma (har zuwa santimita ɗaya a kowace aya) kuma, mafi mahimmanci, yana ba da damar aiwatar da wannan aikin a gaban mai yawa. gajimare (rikodi ta amfani da jiragen sama a cikin irin waɗannan lokuta ba zai yiwu ba ).
Bari mu yi daki-daki kan lura da phytosanitary amfanin gona. Kwanan nan, yawan amfani da kayayyakin kariya na shuka a Rasha yana ci gaba da girma: bisa ga kididdigar, kowace shekara biyar tun daga 2010, sun ninka sau biyu kuma a cikin 2020 sun kai 221 dubu ton. Tare da karuwar yawan amfani da kayayyakin kariya na shuka, gonaki suna buƙatar tabbatar da tattara da sauri da sarrafa bayanai kan yanayin ciyayi na filayen noma. Idan ba tare da wannan bayanin ba, ba zai yuwu a magance matsalolin tallafin fasaha don yin amfani da hankali da aminci na samfuran kariyar shuka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin aikin gona ba. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na binciken hanyar ƙasa na filayen ba su ba da damar samun bayanan da suka dace da sauri kuma a cikin kundin da ake bukata ba. Dangane da haka, ana ci gaba da aiki tuƙuru a ƙasashen waje da kuma a cikin ƙasarmu don haɓaka manyan hanyoyin nesa don tattara bayanai don tsarawa da aiwatar da matakan kariya daga shuka. Don aikin sa ido na phytosanitary mai nisa, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su sune motocin iska marasa matuƙa waɗanda ke ba da bidiyon geocoded, hotuna iri-iri da na gani da ido na ƙasan ƙasa.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa, an riga an warware batutuwan da suka shafi amfani da hanyoyin nesa don tattara bayanai a fagen kawar da ciyawa (ƙayyade wuraren ciyawa a yankunan gonaki, tantance asarar amfanin gona, taswirar yankuna masu cutarwa). A cikin wannan yanki, a cikin tsarin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha, an gudanar da bincike tare da halartar kwararru daga VIZR, Jami'ar Aerospace Instrumentation (St. Petersburg), Samara Agrarian Academy da Ptero LLC (Moscow). An samu sakamako mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da UAVs don hanyoyin nisa na tattara bayanai dangane da spectrometry don tantance weediness na hatsi da shuka dankalin turawa na fiye da iri 20 na ciyawa, ciki har da masu cutarwa kamar Sosnovsky's hogweed. An samo bayanan dangane da ƙaddarawa da nazarin halaye na ban mamaki na tunani daga tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da ciyawa a cikin kewayon tsayin 300-1100 nm.
Don haka, a cikin nazarin da aka gudanar don gano ma'anar fasali dangane da hasken haske na tunani daga amfanin gona da ciyawa, an kafa mafi yawan bayanai masu ba da labari na raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na electromagnetic don amfani da ɗaukar hoto da yawa na ƙasan noma. ta amfani da tsarin jin nesa na zamani. Binciken Hotunan Hotunan ciyayi da tsire-tsire da aka noma ya nuna cewa muna lura da bambance-bambancen halaye a cikin ɗumbin haske mai haske a cikin ƙananan shuɗi, kore, ja da kusa da infrared electromagnetic radiation a cikin kusa-infrared subrange na wavelengths.
A mafi wuya ɗawainiya ga tartsatsi amfani da m Hankali hanyoyin na noma ƙasar ne kayyade m ãyõyin shuka cututtuka, kuma a sama da duka, a cikin latent form. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin alamun bayyanar cututtuka sun yi kama da haske mai haske zuwa alamun cututtukan cututtuka na tsire-tsire da ake nazarin.
An samu sakamako mai kyau wajen tantance cututtukan dankalin turawa da lalata tsiron dankalin turawa ta hanyar ƙwaro dankalin turawa ta hanyar amfani da spectroradiometry. Yin amfani da wannan hanya, an gano cewa lokacin da shuka dankalin turawa ya shafi marigayi blight (Fig. 1), a rana ta uku bayan kamuwa da cuta, muna lura da raguwar raguwar haske na tunani idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu lafiya, kuma a rana ta bakwai. rana bayan kamuwa da cuta, ƙimar haske mai ban mamaki yana nuna cewa tsire-tsire sun kusan mutu. A wannan yanayin, ƙimar haske mai ban mamaki a cikin tsire-tsire da ke fama da lalacewa a ƙarshen blight yana kusa da dabi'u na hasken haske na tunani daga ƙasa.
Lokacin da dankalin turawa ya lalace ta hanyar ƙwaro na dankalin turawa, muna kuma lura da raguwar haske mai haske na tunani sau biyu zuwa uku idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire ba tare da lalacewa ta hanyar kwaro ba. Hoto na 2 yana gabatar da bayanai akan haske mai ban mamaki na tunanin tsire-tsire dankalin turawa, la'akari da nau'i daban-daban na lalacewar su. Bayanan da aka samu suna da mahimmanci ga hanya mai nisa don gano abubuwan da ke lalata shukar dankalin turawa ta hanyar ƙwaro dankalin turawa.
A halin yanzu, dangane da binciken da aka gudanar don tantance fasalulluka masu fa'ida dangane da haske mai haske na tunani daga tsirrai masu lafiya da marasa lafiya, da kuma waɗanda ke fama da ƙwanƙwasa dankalin turawa, irin ƙwararrun dankalin turawa na Colorado, an kafa mafi yawan bayanai masu ban sha'awa na raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na electromagnetic radiation. amfani da daukar hoto da yawa na ƙasan ƙasan noma ta amfani da UAVs da SLA.
Lokacin da aka ƙayyade cututtuka, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da sakamakon binciken da Cibiyar Agrophysical ta gudanar, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙayyade halaye na ban mamaki na tunanin shuke-shuke da ke fuskantar rashi na nitrogen da danshi na ƙasa.
Sakamakon da aka samu yana da mahimmanci don gano fasalulluka masu ba da labari waɗanda ke ba da damar rarrabewa a sarari, lokacin da za a tantance yanayin phytosanitary na ƙasar noma, shuke-shuken da cututtuka suka shafa da waɗanda ke da cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai ko danshi na ƙasa.
Samar da ɗakunan karatu na hotuna masu ban mamaki na cututtuka na amfanin gona daban-daban, da kuma hotuna masu ban mamaki na waɗannan amfanin gona da ke fuskantar ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ko danshi na ƙasa, zai ba da damar, dangane da sakamakon samun bayanan nesa, don yanke shawara da sauri. don daidaita yanayin phytosanitary a gaban cututtuka ko aiwatar da wani tsari na agrotechnical matakan rage damuwa a kan amfanin gona da wasu dalilai ke haifarwa.
Babban yanki mai mahimmanci na amfani da BVS shine amfani da su don matakan kariyar shuka. A karon farko, an fara amfani da UAVs a cikin nau'ikan jirage masu saukar ungulu na nesa da ba a sarrafa su ba a Japan a farkon shekarun 90s don kula da kayan abinci na shinkafa da magungunan kashe qwari. A halin yanzu, a kasar Sin, wadda ke kan gaba wajen kera jirage marasa matuka na aikin gona, yankin da ake sarrafa jiragen da ke amfani da jiragen sama ya riga ya wuce hekta miliyan da dama. Kasuwar UAV tana haɓaka sosai a duk faɗin duniya, yawan amfani da waɗannan jiragen sama yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara da 400-500%. A cewar masana, amfani da fasahar UAV wajen noma a duniya zai kai darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 5,7.
Daga cikin jirage marasa matuka na noma, kamfanin DJI na kasar Sin ya mamaye kasuwa, kuma samfurin da aka fi sani da shi shi ne DJI Agras T16.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin sassan UAV na wannan samfurin an yi su ne da kayan haɗin kai, nauyin na'urar bai wuce 18,5 kg ba (ba tare da baturi ba). Tare da kayan aiki don kariyar shuka, lokacin cika tanki tare da ruwa mai aiki, nauyin ɗaukar nauyi na injin ya kai kilogiram 41. Matsakaicin ma'aunin ruwa mai aiki shine lita 16 lokacin da aka sanye da bututun nozzles takwas. Amfanin wannan samfurin maras matuki shi ne sanye take da radars, wanda ke matukar rage hadarin karo da cikas, sannan kuma yana ba da damar yin aiki da dare ta amfani da fitillu. Madaidaicin tsayin jirgin mara matuki akan filin shine mita 2,5-3, kuma idan ya cancanta, na'urar zata iya tashi zuwa mita 30 (mafi girman tsayin jirgin a kwance). Wannan tsayin ya zama dole don kula da tsire-tsire na perennial, shuke-shuke a cikin lambuna na Botanical da gandun daji daga kwari da cututtuka.
A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, an sami sakamako mai kyau akan amfani da BVS don magance rodents-kamar linzamin kwamfuta (an yi bincike tare da sa hannun VIZR da kamfanin Ginus). Gwaje-gwajen filin na saka idanu mai nisa da aikace-aikacen geocoded na rodenticides a cikin burrows na rodents-kamar linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna cewa daidaiton sabuwar fasahar idan aka kwatanta da aikace-aikacen hannu shine 91% a kan 97%.
An tattara gogewa ta zahiri a cikin amfani da UAVs don saka idanu mai nisa na wuraren rarraba hogweed na Sosnovsky, da kuma amfani da fasahar fesa ganye a kan wannan nau'in cutarwa.
Duk da kyakkyawan sakamako da tsammanin amfani da UAVs a cikin aikin gona, akwai gazawa, da kuma batutuwan da ba a warware su ba a fagen dokoki da takaddun ƙa'idodi kan ingantaccen amfani da aminci don sa ido mai nisa da kariyar shuka, wato:
- babban farashin UAV tare da haɗarin rasa na'urar yayin aiki;
- hane-hane na doka akan amfani: a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya, UAV dole ne ya kasance a cikin layin mai aiki yayin yin aiki (nisa bai wuce mita 500 ba);
- buƙatar yin rajista, yin rajistar na'urar (a mafi yawan ƙasashe, idan nauyinta ya wuce 25 kg) da samun lasisi don amfani da UAV don dalilai na kasuwanci;
- buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki masu tsada da ƙwararrun ma'aikata: don rashin tsangwama da ingantaccen aiki na UAV, wajibi ne a sami ƙarin ƙarin batura uku da janareta don cajin su; akalla mutane uku ne ke da hannu wajen yiwa na’ura hidima daya;
- Babban dogaro ga yanayin yanayi. A cikin yanayin iska, sarrafa na'urar yana da matukar wahala, musamman tare da iska mai ƙarfi;
- rashin ƙa'idodin da aka halatta don amfani da samfuran kariyar shuka ta amfani da BVS daidai da buƙatun Dokar Tarayya No. 109 "A kan amintaccen kula da magungunan kashe qwari da agrochemicals";
- rashin takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi akan amintaccen aiki na UAVs a cikin aikin gona;
- rashin ƙa'idodin haɗarin inshora ga ƙungiyoyin doka da daidaikun mutane yayin amfani da samfuran kariyar shuka ta amfani da BVS;
- babban farashi da rashin samfuran software don magance matsalolin kulawar phytosanitary na nesa na weeds, kwari da cututtuka, la'akari da matakan tattalin arziki na cutarwa, da kuma yanke sakamakon atomatik ta atomatik.
Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin yanki don masu gudanar da horo da gwajin masana'antu na ƙa'idodin fasaha don amfani da UAVs don saka idanu da kariyar shuka.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shirye don digitalization na noma, shi wajibi ne don hanzarta ci gaban manyan bayanai na tunani samfurori na weeds a cikin mafi m lokaci na ci gaba da yin amfani da herbicides da kuma tunani samfurori tare da halayyar m ãyõyi na kwaro lalacewa ga manyan amfanin gona. . Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don kammala ƙirƙirar ɗakunan karatu na hotuna masu ban sha'awa na tsire-tsire masu lafiya da marasa lafiya, la'akari da tasirin matakin abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai da sigogin agroclimatic.
Anatoly Lysov, Shugaban Laboratory na Hadakar Shuka Kariya, Cibiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya VIZR, e-mail: lysov4949@yandex.ru