Kwararrun masana na kamfanin "Agusta", daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun Rasha na kayan kariya na kayan aikin sinadarai, sun lissafa yawan amfanin gona mafi yawan riba, da kuma babbar barazana ga amfanin gona na wadannan amfanin gona a wannan kakar. Mafi yawan riba ga manoma a yau shine noman hatsi, sunflower, rapeseed, flax mai da masara. Haka kuma, babban aikin samun riba ba wai rage tsadar ayyukan noma ba ne, a’a, don kara yawan amfanin gona.
hatsi. Shekaru da yawa yanzu, yanayi da amfanin da ya dogara da shi ya bar abubuwa da yawa da ake so a Turai da Amurka. Cibiyoyin noman hatsi a duniya na fama da karancin ruwan sama. A cikin kasuwannin duniya na hatsi, ana kiyaye farashi mai yawa da buƙatu akai-akai - ta yadda, dangane da ragi, waɗannan amfanin gona a yanzu sun mamaye shugaba na dogon lokaci ba tare da jayayya ba - sunflower.
"A Rasha, a halin da ake ciki, amfanin gona na hatsi yana da yawa," in ji Dmitry Belov, shugaban sashen samar da kayayyaki a kamfanin na Agusta. - Daban-daban na ƙasa da yankunan yanayi suna aiki a cikin ni'imarmu: alal misali, muna da Rasha ta Tsakiya da kuma, musamman, Tsakiyar Black Earth Region, inda a yanzu babu wani iyakanceccen yanayin danshi, sabanin, a ce, yankunan kudancin.
Wannan ba yana nufin cewa ba za a sami matsala a cikin 2021 ba, kodayake wasu ƙwararru, gami da sabis na nazari na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), sun annabta wani rikodin girbin alkama ga Rasha. Don haka, wannan bazara a cikin tsakiyar Chernozem na tsakiya, saboda bushewar kaka da rashin talauci na amfanin gona na hunturu, rabon wuraren "fitarwa" ya kasance mai girma. Alal misali, a wasu gonaki na yankin Voronezh, 100% na filayen dole ne a sake shuka su da amfanin gona na bazara. Sakamakon ƙwayar dusar ƙanƙara - cututtukan fungal da ke shafar tsire-tsire a lokacin bazara mai tsawo - wani ɓangare na amfanin gona na hunturu a Altai, Udmurtia da Bashkortostan sun mutu. A fairly rare cuta - sclerotinia - kuma bayyana kanta a Udmurtia, Bashkortostan da Mordovia. Ganin wannan yanayin, ana iya ɗauka cewa farashin alkama, hatsin rai da sha'ir ba zai ragu ba a 2021. Daga cikin ƙarin barazanar, ana iya kiran irin waɗannan kwari kamar gurasar burodi da tsutsotsi na waya, kuma a cikin yankuna da dama, saboda karuwar yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullum, amfanin gona na fama da zafi mai zafi.
Sunflower. Duk da hanyoyin daidaita farashin da ake da su na tsaba sunflower, ya kasance babban amfanin gona mai girma tare da babban damar fitarwa. A shekarar 2021, an yi shirin shuka kimanin hekta miliyan 8 na wannan amfanin gona, amma a nan ya kamata a yi la’akari da cewa an sake shuka matattun amfanin gona na lokacin sanyi, gami da sunflower. Halin haɓaka yankin da ke ƙarƙashinsa a cikin 2021, don haka, yana ci gaba.
Agrarians, waɗanda suka yi alkawarin samun riba, suna ƙoƙari su cece su da dukan ƙarfinsu - ba don komai ba ne cewa sunflower yana dauke da amfanin gona na flagship dangane da ci gaba a cikin yin amfani da kayan kariya na shuka. “Duk da haka, cututtuka irin su phomosis da phomopsis, waɗanda ke haifar da necrosis na kyallen jikin shuka, mildew mai ƙasa da ƙasa, ɓarkewar kwando, botrytinosis (rot rot) da sclerotinia, na iya cutar da amfanin gona a wannan shekara. Ko da yake karshen ya tabbatar da kansa a kan hatsi na hunturu, ya kamata a la'akari da cewa ga fungi na nau'in sclerotinia, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sune sunflower, rapeseed, da waken soya, kuma daidaitaccen tsarin jujjuya amfanin gona yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar sclerotinia a cikin amfanin gona. , "in ji Dmitry Belov.
fyade A Rasha, al'adar cin abincin da aka yi wa fyade ba ta tasowa ba, sabanin Turai. Har ila yau, kowane nau'in mai na kayan lambu da son rai na siyan kasar Sin. Bukatar man fetir na ci gaba da karuwa sakamakon karuwar samar da sinadarin biodiesel a duniya, a matsayin danyen abu, ana bukatar nau'in fyade don kera mai da man shafawa na fasaha, wajen samar da sinadarai na gida da turare. Duk wannan yana goyan bayan matsayin nau'in fyade a matsayin amfanin gona mai yawan gaske. A Rasha, nau'in fyade na hunturu yana yaduwa sosai daga kudu zuwa arewa, inda aka fi samun danshi, ciki har da lokacin kaka, kuma, saboda haka, hadarin rashin talauci na amfanin gona ya ragu. Yankunan da ake noman noman ɓawon bazara suma sun ƙaru a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
“Duk da haka, a wannan shekarar an sami yawan amfanin gonar da aka yi wa fyade, sabili da haka, yanayin girma a fannin amfanin gona, babbar tambaya ce. A cikin yankuna da dama, inda da farko akwai isasshen danshi saboda dusar ƙanƙara, duk da haka filayen sun bushe da sauri: dusar ƙanƙara, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ya zama "mara kyau". Gabaɗaya, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga nau'in fyade a cikin 2021, "in ji Dmitry Belov.
Flax mai mai. A cikin 2020, saurin haɓakar farashin sayan irin wannan amfanin gona ya zo da mamaki ga masu kera. Flax iri-iri na mai a nan gaba na iya tabbatar da zama abokin hamayyar irin fyade - aƙalla a ƙasashen da yanayin yanayi ba ya ƙyale ƙidayar yawan amfanin da yake samu akai-akai. Ana ƙara amfani da man linseed da flax a cikin samar da abinci a duk faɗin duniya, amma babban abin da ke tabbatar da hauhawar farashin shine amfani da man linseed a matsayin kayan fasaha na fasaha a masana'antu, musamman, fenti da varnish.
Ana shukar flax ɗin mai da wuri sosai, ba shi da saurin kamuwa da yanayi mara kyau, kuma ƙarancin danshi ba ya cutar da shi kamar wuce gona da iri. Daga cikin cututtukan da za su iya cutar da amfanin gona a cikin 2021, ya zama dole a ware, da farko, Fusarium wilt da flax fall - cutar da ke dagula ingancin tsaba. A farkon matakan ci gaba, flax kuma na iya zama barazana mai tsanani ta hanyar wireworm.
Masara Shahararriyar "Sarauniyar filayen" ta ragu a yankunan kudancin Rasha, duk da haka, a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Black Earth a yau yana yiwuwa a sami yawan amfanin gona na wannan amfanin gona - kimanin 70 cents a kowace hectare. Gabaɗaya, yankin da ke ƙarƙashin amfanin gonarsa yana girma, ciki har da buƙatar shukar bazara a madadin amfanin gonakin damina. Samuwar masara zuwa kasashen waje yana da yawa sosai, ana kuma bukatarsa a kasuwannin cikin gida, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci ga kiwon dabbobi.
"Game da rabe-rabe, masara mai zaki, da ake amfani da ita don gwangwani, ta shahara musamman: tana da farashin sayayya sosai kuma galibi ana girma a ƙarƙashin kwangilar da aka kulla da masu kera a gaba. Don haka, duk wani kuskure na iya yin tsada. Babban abubuwan da za a iya sarrafa su a tsakanin kwari shine auduga bollworm, wanda caterpillars ya zauna a cikin kunnuwa, yana haifar musu da lahani da ba za a iya jurewa ba, da kuma ci gaban masara," in ji Dmitry Belov.
A cewar masana na "Agusta", babban aikin manoma a Rasha a yau shine daidai karuwar yawan aiki, kuma ba rage yawan farashin samar da kayayyaki ba, wanda a zahiri ya rasa amfanin sa. Don amfanin gona na centn 30 a kowace hectare, ana buƙatar kusan ƙimar kuɗi ɗaya kamar yadda ake buƙata don amfanin gona na centn 60 a kowace kadada, duk da haka, farashin centre na hatsi a yanayi na biyu yana raguwa, kuma raguwa yana ƙaruwa. “Yayin da ake samun yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙarin buƙatar inshorar aikin gona yana ƙaruwa - daga cututtuka, ciyawa, kwari. Kuma masu samar da noma na Rasha a yau suna gabatowa "mafi ƙarancin hankali" don farashin noman amfanin gona: ƙari, mai yuwuwa, yana yiwuwa, amma kaɗan ba shakka ba zai yiwu ba, "in ji Dmitry Belov.