Daga mujallar: No. 3 2014
Category: A Mayar da hankali
Boris Anismov, Mataimakin Darakta Duk-Russian Research Institute of Dankali Farming mai suna bayan. A.G. Lorja
Labarin yayi magana akan buƙatun phytosanitary don cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi sosai a cikin iyakokin yankuna na musamman na samar da dankalin turawa. An ba da kulawa ta musamman don rage yiwuwar tushe da ƙwayoyin cuta, yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyi don rigakafi da sarrafa phytopathogens a cikin yankuna na musamman don samar da dankalin turawa na asali da fitattu.
Cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar da su na iya haifar da raguwa mai kaifi a cikin ingancin dankalin iri. Akwai tsarin da aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya - mafi girman matakin nauyin kamuwa da cuta a wuraren da ake shuka dankali, mafi girman yuwuwar kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. ta iri da ƙasa, kuma mafi girman cutarwar da waɗannan cututtuka za su iya haifarwa [1].
A cikin aikin duniya na zamani, an fi samun nasarar magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya na musamman (shiyoyi) tare da kyawawan yanayi, yanayin yanayi da phytosanitary don haɓaka lafiya (ba tare da phytopathogens) dankalin iri ba. Ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan yankuna, a haƙiƙa, ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin zamani na samar da irin dankalin turawa marasa ƙwayoyin cuta [2,3,4,5].
Sanannen sananne, alal misali, shine ƙwarewar nasara ta ƙirƙira da aiki da yanki na musamman don shuka dankalin iri mafi inganci a cikin Finland, a cikin yankin da ke da yanayi mai sanyi (Lardin Tyrnavä), inda mafi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin buƙatun phytosanitary ya kasance. gabatar a cikin wannan yanki. Babban abin sha'awa game da wannan shine kwarewar Burtaniya, inda kuma an gano mafi kyawun wuraren kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙasashen Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, waɗanda aka ba da matsayin EU na musamman. "Yankin don girma iri dankali na mafi inganci" (Yankin dankalin turawa mai girma) [6,7].
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha, an kuma gudanar da aiki mai aiki don ƙirƙirar yankuna masu dacewa don samar da iri dankalin turawa, inda aka kafa tsarin kula da phytosanitary na jihar kuma an ba da kulawa ta musamman don rage haɗarin yaduwar kamuwa da cuta. ta iri da ƙasa [2,3,4]
A cikin aikin zamani na sarrafa phytosanitary a cikin iyakokin yankuna da aka keɓe don shuka iri, ƙungiyoyi huɗu na abubuwa masu cutarwa ana sarrafa su musamman:
- cututtuka da kwari na mahimmancin keɓewa (dankalin turawa ciwon daji, launin ruwan kasa rot, dankalin turawa cyst nematode);
- ƙwayoyin cuta na phytopathogenic suna yaduwa ta nau'in aphid masu ƙaura (Y-Virus dankalin turawa (YBK - daban-daban cututtuka), A-Virus dankalin turawa (ABK), M-kwayar dankalin turawa (MBK) da dankalin turawa leaf roll virus (PLV);
- ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa ta hanyar nematodes da fungi masu zaune a ƙasa (Dankali top panicle cutar ("MOP-TOP") da kuma taba rattle virus ("RETTL");
- pathogenic kwayoyin cuta ("baƙar ƙafa" da zobe rot na tubers).
Cututtuka da kwari waɗanda ke da mahimmancin keɓe ana ɗaukarsu suna da haɗari musamman, don haka yuwuwar yaduwar su ta hanyar kayan iri da ta ƙasa a wuraren da ake shuka dankali yakamata a cire gaba ɗaya.
Abubuwan buƙatun phytosanitary don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ana tsara su ta hanyar gabatar da juriya na ka'idoji a cikin tsarin ƙa'idodin ingancin ƙasa da ƙasa na yanzu don dankali iri [8,9]. Yawancin ƙasashen da ke fitar da dankalin turawa gabaɗaya ba su da juriya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Kamuwa da cuta na kayan iri tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ɗauke da nau'in aphid na ƙaura ana sarrafa shi sosai bisa gwajin gwaje-gwaje na samfuran tuber daga zuriyar kai tsaye na azuzuwan SE (super elite), E (elite), A da B (1-2 haifuwa bayan manyan) ta amfani da daidaitattun ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na ƙa'idodi (Table 1).
Tebur 1. Haƙuri na ƙa'idodi don kamuwa da cutar ƙwayar cuta na dankalin turawa masu shiga kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashen EU (gwajin ELIZA)
Ƙara | Haƙuri ga azuzuwan/ƙarni na dankalin iri, % | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Jamus** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland *** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
Faransa | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Jamhuriyar Czech | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
* Bisa ga umarnin EU 2002/56 da 93/17
** Haƙuri don YVK
***Haƙuri ga ƙwayoyin cuta YVK+AVK
Matsayin yuwuwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ƙwayar cuta ta dankali ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi na yankuna. A kan babban yanki na Rasha, ana iya samun nasarar shuka dankali kusan ko'ina, amma yana yiwuwa a samar da kayan iri masu inganci kawai a cikin yanayi tare da mafi kyawun yanayi da ƙarancin haɗarin yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. cututtuka na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, musamman wrinkled da banded mosaic (YBK) da necrotic ringspot dankalin turawa tubers (YВКNTN) (Hoto na 1).
Hoto 1 Alamomin mosaic mai tsanani (m)YBKda zobe tabo na dankalin turawa tubers (YBKNTN[9].
Yin la'akari da nau'o'in yanayi iri-iri na yanayi da yanayi, da kuma abubuwan da ke da tasiri mai karfi akan ingancin dankalin iri a wuraren da ake samar da su a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, a duniya za mu iya bambanta yankuna uku waɗanda ke da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin matakin nauyin kamuwa da cuta da jimillar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da cutar.
Yankunan arewa da arewa maso yamma gabaɗaya ana ɗauka su zama mafi dacewa don shuka dankalin iri masu inganci. Yanayin sanyi a lokacin girma, da kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, yana ba da damar rage yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa. Lokacin girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci: daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Satumba (100-110 days). Amma tsawo na yini, halayyar arewacin latitudes, musamman a farkon girma kakar, halitta mai kyau yanayi ga m girma da kuma ci gaban shuke-shuke, accelerated tuberization da amfanin gona samuwar. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun sa waɗannan yankuna sun fi dacewa don haɓaka kayan iri masu inganci.
Tsakiyar yankin Rasha, ciki har da Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Tsakiyar Black Earth yankin, Tsakiyar Volga yankin, kazalika da Urals, Siberiya, da kuma Far East, duk da fadi da bambance-bambancen yanayi da kasa, ne kullum halin da in mun gwada da matsakaici bango na kamuwa da cuta da kuma nauyi. za a iya la'akari da matsayin yanki quite m a cikin phytosanitary sharuddan domin shirya naka samar da iri dankali daidai da tsari bukatun na matsayin.
Kudu da kuma yankunan Kudu maso Gabas kasa m ga girma high quality iri abu. Saboda zafi da bushe kakar girma da kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, a kullum high matakin kamuwa da cuta load da kuma jimlar vector aiki na kwari da cewa dauke da kamuwa da cuta (ban da dutse da kuma foothill zones na Arewa Caucasus), da kudi na karuwa a cikin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da kowane ƙarni na gaba na filin ya fi girma fiye da yankunan da ke cikin mafi yawan latitudes na arewa. A high kudi na girma da hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri kamuwa da cuta rage yawan aiki da kuma sharply worsens iri ingancin dankali bayan na biyu girma kakar, kuma a cikin mai saukin kamuwa iri ko da na farko.
Ofaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idodin ƙirƙirar yankuna na girma iri na musamman shine keɓanta wurin filayen filaye yayin da ake ci gaba da kawar da abubuwan da suka dace daga duk wata hanyar kamuwa da cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (dasa dankalin abinci, lambunan kayan lambu, gidaje, da sauransu). . A saboda wannan dalili, a cikin iyakokin yankuna na musamman masu girma iri, ya zama dole don tabbatar da cikakken yarda tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin keɓewar sararin samaniya don nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan dankalin iri na asali da fitattu. Dangane da ra'ayoyin zamani game da hanyoyin da halaye na watsawa da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta na phytopathogenic, kazalika da ƙaura na masu dako akan dankali, ana ba da shawarar don tabbatar da nesa nesa daga tushen kamuwa da cuta don kayan iri na matakan farko. haifuwa na 500 m, ƙarni na gaba na 100 m (Table 2)
Tebur 2. Ma'auni na keɓewar sararin samaniya da aka ba da shawarar don girma na asali da fitattun iri dankali.
category | Класс | Insulation |
Albarkatun kasa | Girma mini-tubers karkashin kariya daga cututtuka masu yaduwa | Firam ɗin gidajen rani na rani tare da murfin polycarbonate, rufe ramukan da aka yi da kayan sutura masu nauyi |
Asalin iri dankali | Yada filin (tsara 1-2) | Nisan mita 500 daga kowane nau'in dankalin turawa iri |
Elite iri dankali | Super elite da fitattun wuraren gandun daji | Nisa na 100 m daga ƙananan nau'ikan iri da shukar kasuwanci |
Yawanci, wuraren da ke da iska mai kyau a bakin teku da ke kusa da tekuna da manyan ruwaye, filayen da ke kewaye da gonakin dazuzzuka masu karewa, da kuma filayen noma da ke cikin yankunan tsaunuka sun fi dacewa da yanayi masu kyau na samar da yanayi a cikin iyakokin iri- yankunan girma. Yana da mahimmanci cewa filayen da aka ware don wuraren aikin gandun daji su kasance kamar yadda zai yiwu daga duka filayen dankalin turawa na masana'antun masana'antu da kuma filayen gidan jama'a. A cikin iyakokin yankin keɓe iri-iri, yakamata a cire yuwuwar shuka dankali ba tare da bata lokaci ba, musamman a cikin lambuna na jama'ar gida da gidajen rani.
Daga ra'ayi mai amfani, don ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi kyau a cikin yanki na samar da iri na musamman, musamman lokacin da ake girma ƙarni na farko, dabarar da za a iya isa gaba ɗaya kuma mai inganci ita ce "keɓancewar micro" ta hanyar yin amfani da matakan kariya na amfanin gona na hatsi ko ciyawa tare. gefuna na filin (Fig. 2).
Shinkafa 2. Tsari na keɓantawar dashen shuka na ƙarni na farko ta hanyar amfani da matakan kariya na shuka amfanin gona a gefen filin.
Don tabbatar da ingancin kayan iri a cikin yankuna na musamman na samar da iri, ya zama dole a yi amfani da gabaɗaya a yi amfani da ayyukan noma mafi inganci waɗanda ke iyakance yaduwar kamuwa da cuta a cikin yanayin filin, gami da:
- yarda da ka'idodin da aka kafa don keɓewar sararin samaniya na asali da ƙwararrun iri dankali daga shuka ƙananan haifuwa;
- ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun yanayi don saurin girma da haɓaka shuke-shuke da haɓaka haɓakar tuber yayin lokacin girma;
- aiwatar da tsaftacewar phyto na yau da kullun tare da farkon yiwuwar kin amincewa da kawar da tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da shuka, a matsayin tushen kamuwa da cuta;
- yin amfani da magungunan kwari masu tasiri, da kuma shirye-shirye na ma'adinai da mai kayan lambu a kan aphids da ke dauke da kamuwa da cuta;
- kafa optimally farkon sharuddan cire fi a lokacin da cimma matsakaicin iri marketability na tubers, la'akari da sakamakon sa idanu kafofin kamuwa da cuta da kuma kwari da cewa dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta (migratory jinsunan aphids) a cikin yanayi na kowane takamaiman gona;
- disinfection na wuraren ajiya, kayan aiki, injina, kwantena kafin adana iri iri.
A cikin wuraren da aka keɓe don shuka iri, dole ne a samar da kayan iri daidai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin inganci don nau'ikan da nau'ikan dankalin iri da aka samar.
Tushen kayan shigar da ke cikin iyakokin wuraren da aka keɓe yakamata a iyakance su ga waɗanda suka cika daidaitattun ƙa'idodin inganci. Ya halatta a yi amfani da kayan tushe daga tushe da yawa, amma idan ya dace da ƙa'idodin inganci. Dole ne a samar da kayan farawa masu lafiya a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da wuraren zama, waɗanda ƙila suna wajen wurin da aka keɓe.
Bayan ci gaban yankin, kawai kayan iri da aka samar a cikin iyakokinsa yakamata a yi amfani da su a yankinsa a nan gaba. Ba a ba da izinin dasa kayan da aka samar a wajen wurin gabaɗaya. Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci musamman don tabbatar da ikon da ya dace akan lambunan 'yan ƙasa kuma, idan ya cancanta, shirya samar da ingantaccen dankalin iri don bukatun masu lambun gida da mazauna bazara. A aikace, wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai bisa tushen sa hannu na son rai a ɓangaren jama'ar gida da kuma sha'awar 'yan ƙasa a cikin maye gurbin tsohuwar kayan iri na gida da sabon abu, wanda aka samar a cikin iyakokin iri mai sarrafawa. - girma yankin.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwa na tsarin samar da fasaha na musamman a cikin yankin da aka sarrafa shi ne ƙaddamar da tsarin dubawa na musamman, wanda ya kamata ya haɗu da binciken phytosanitary filin na yau da kullum da gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan iri ta hanyar amfani da samfurori na ganye da tuber. Dole ne a tabbatar da madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙa'idodin gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin don azuzuwan da suka dace na dankalin iri. Don haka, a cikin kayan invitro na farko da aka yi niyya don micropropagation na clonal a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, 100% na tsire-tsire ana gwada su ta hanyar bincike na ELISA da PCR. Lokacin da ake girma ƙananan tubers a cikin greenhouses, ELISA an gwada mafi ƙarancin tsire-tsire 250 daga kowane iri-iri. A cikin ƙarni na farko na ƙananan tubers, tsire-tsire 200 a kowane yanki na kowane iri-iri ana gwada su ta hanyar ELISA (ko tubers 200 a cikin samfurin tuber bayan girbi). A cikin samfurin bayan girbi daga babban kayan amfanin gona, ELISA ana gwada tubers 200 daga kowane tsari. A kan manyan-elite da fitattun dankali, ban da duba gani na shuke-shuke, yayin binciken filin, ana bincika shuke-shuken da ba su da isasshen bayyanar cututtuka na cututtuka ta amfani da hanyoyin rigakafi.
Gabatar da tsarin dubawa wanda ya haɗu da binciken phytosanitary filin da kuma kula da dakin gwaje-gwaje na tilas na mafi girman nau'ikan dankalin iri a cikin iyakokin yankuna na musamman na shuka iri ya kamata ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙa'idodin fasaha don samar da dankalin turawa na asali da fitattu.
A wajen magance matsalar samar da yankuna na musamman don samar da irin dankalin turawa, tabbatar da filayen noma ta hanyar gudanar da bincike don gano kwari, cututtuka da ciyawa tare da bayar da fasfo na phytosanitary na filayen na iya zama mahimmanci. Kasancewar fasfo na phytosanitary na filayen yana ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun don takaddun shaida na son rai na mutane da ƙungiyoyin doka waɗanda ke tsunduma cikin samarwa (namo), sarrafa (shiri), marufi da siyarwar tsaba daga cikin manyan nau'ikan.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
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2. Anisimov B.V. Yankunan phytosanitary da rawar da suke takawa wajen samar da irin dankalin turawa marasa ƙwayoyin cuta // Kariyar shuka da keɓewa. 2014, Na 11, shafi. 14-19.
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5. Gane wuraren da babu kwari da kuma wuraren da ba su da yawa. Roma, FAO = ISPM 22:2005. Yanayin shiga: https://www.ippc.int/core-activiities/standards-setting/ispms.
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7. Dokokin Gyaran Dankali (Scotland) 2010 no. 71.= (kwanakin aiki: 1.07.2010) Yanayin shiga: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/-
8. UNECE Standard S-1, Game da tallace-tallace da kula da ingancin kasuwanci na dankalin turawa. UNITED NATIONS, New York da Geneva. 20B- 41 shafi
9. Jagoran UNECE ga Cututtukan Dankali. Kwari da lahani. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Hukumar Tattalin Arziki na Yuro, Sashe na Musamman akan Daidaita Dankali na iri .Geneva, 2014. -108p.