Daga mujallar: No. 4 2016
Category: shawarwari na kwararru
Yu.A. Masyuk, O.V. Abashkin, L.Ya. Kostina, Yu.P. Boyko, G.V. Grigoriev,
O.A. Starovoitova, D.V. Abrosimov, E.V. Oves, O.A. Aleksyutina, Duk-Rasha Research Institute of Dankali Farming
Wataƙila mutane da yawa sun ga ƙananan kwari masu rauni suna yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri da idanun zinariya masu bayyanannu, waɗanda suka sami sunan Rasha “lacewings.” Lacewing manya sukan tashi zuwa gidaje, rarrafe akan gilashi ko zama a bango. Waɗannan kwari suna cikin tsari Neuroptera (Neuroptera), dangin lacewings = Chrysopidae.
Kimanin nau'ikan lankwasa 6000 an bayyana su a cikin dabbobin duniya. Adult kwari (imago) kai daga 6 zuwa 180 mm tsawon. Idanunsu na da sarkakiya, sun ci gaba sosai, kuma suna jan hankali tare da girman girmansu da kyalli na ƙarfe. Bakin lacewings na nau'in ci ne. Yawancin fuka-fukan suna bayyana a fili, amma a wasu nau'ikan kudanci ana hange su. A kan fuka-fuki akwai jijiyoyi masu tsayi masu tsayi da yawa, suna samar da sifa mai siffa a cikin nau'in raga, saboda haka sunan Rasha - reticularis. A yawancin nau'in, fuka-fukan hind suna daidai da tsayin fuka-fukan gaba, wani lokaci ya fi guntu fikafikan gaba, a cikin waɗannan lokuta an rufe su da farar fata. Wadannan nau'ikan suna da 'yan jijiyoyi da ƙananan jiki. Har ila yau, lacewing ya haɗa da sanannun duniya kuma kusan a duniya da aka rarraba kwari Antlion (Myrmeleon formicarius L.), wanda ke da jaws masu karfi. Antlion larvae tono funnels a sako-sako da yashi ko ƙasa da kuma ciyar da kwari da ke birgima a cikin su, yafi tururuwa (saboda haka sunan). Akwai larvae masu lanƙwasa waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa kuma suna shaƙa ta cikin gills. A can suke farautar kananan kwari da tsutsansu.
Lacewings masu jujjuyawa suna ninka fuka-fukan lu'u-lu'u ko fuka-fuki masu kama da rufin. Akwai nau'in launin rawaya mai haske, kore da launin ruwan kasa.
Lacewings barazana ce ga nau'ikan kwari da yawa a cikin lambunan kayan lambu, filaye, gonakin itatuwa da dazuzzuka. Wadannan kwari suna farauta galibi akan aphids, manyan masu dauke da cututtukan dankalin turawa, da mitsin gizo-gizo, wadanda ke haifar da babbar illa ga shuke-shuken lambu. Bugu da ƙari, suna cin ƙwai da jarirai na ƙwari masu yawa, ciki har da ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado. Har ila yau, suna cin sabbin ƴaƴa na ƙanana da manyan nau'in malam buɗe ido, gami da ciyawa da asu na masara; tashi larvae da sababbin moulted beetles da ba tukuna balagagge bayan molting, herbivorous kwari, sawflies da thrips. Adult lacewings bugu da žari ciyar a kan nectar da pollen, pollinating flowering shuke-shuke
Lacewings sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka fara yin kiwo da yawa don kare tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire daga kwari, galibi daga aphids. An haɓaka hanyoyin haifuwa da yawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da yanayin masana'antu. Don kiwo, an yi amfani da yawan nau'in lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u = Chrysopus lu'u-lu'u. (Chrysopa perla Steph). (Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm.).
Ana fitar da kwari masu girma a cikin greenhouses da filayen don yaƙar aphids da sauran ƙananan kwari.
Mafi yawan nau'in lacewing suna zaune a cikin wurare masu zafi. A cikin ƙasarmu, mafi yawan su ne wakilan dangin Chrysopidae tare da nau'in Chrysopidae kawai - kimanin nau'in 10 a cikin duka. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan (tsawon jiki daga 6 zuwa 25 mm, fikafikan fuka-fuki daga 19 zuwa 50 mm) kwari masu tashi tare da jirgin sama mai rauni.
Ana iya samun su a ko'ina. Suna aiki galibi da yamma da kuma dare, suna tashi zuwa haske. Lacewings na mata suna kwance m, ƙwai kore masu haske, waɗanda ke ɗaya ko cikin rukuni akan tsayi mai tsayi (fiye da gashin shuka na halitta) mai tushe mai siliki, yawanci a gefen ganye, galibi a wuraren da ake yada aphids, inda tsutsansu ke fara farauta nan da nan. bayan hatching (kada a rikita batun tare da ƙwai aphid, wanda ba sa zaune a kan mai tushe, amma kwance a kusa da gefen ganye). Mata suna rayuwa kusan watanni biyu kuma suna yin kwai har 800 kowace. Larvae ɗin fusiform ne elongated fusiform tare da dogayen muƙamuƙi masu siffar sikila. A bayan larvae na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae da larvae." A wasu nau'in, bayan an rufe shi da sako-sako da garkuwa da aka yi daga fatun kwarin da suka ci ko na busassun ganye, bawon tsiro da sauran tarkacen shuka. Larvae na tasowa a cikin taurari uku, bayan haka sai su fara fitowa a fili a kan tsire-tsire, a ƙarƙashin bawon bishiyoyi, ko a cikin saman ƙasa. Lacewings suna zuwa hunturu a matakin prepupa a cikin siliki, zagaye, mai yawa, fari-fari ko launin toka mai haske. Wani lokaci kwari balagaggu suna wuce lokacin hunturu.
Kowane nau'in lacewings daban-daban sun bambanta da girman, launin fuka-fuki da jijiyoyinsu, balaga na fuka-fuki, da tsarin kan kai da jiki. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau`in nau'in bambance-bambancen da za a iya gane su ne kawai za'a iya gano su ta hanyar nazarin ilmin halittarsu da dabi'unsu da wuraren da suka fi son muhalli da kuma yawan ganima da suke ci.
Ana samun nau'ikan lacewings masu zuwa a cikin latitudes:
Gajarta lacewing = Chrysopa abbreviata Curt. Akwai wuri mai duhu a cikin eriya. Akwai duhun dila a bayan kai. Jijiyoyin giciye guda ɗaya na fuka-fuki baƙi ne.
Altai lacewing = Chrysopa altaica Holz. Sutures na thorax da sassan farko na ciki sun fi duhu kuma sun bambanta da bangon jiki. Akwai wuri mai duhu a gindin kafafun gaba. A cikin bayyanar ya bambanta kaɗan da waƙafi na Lacewing. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Lacewing astarte = Chrysopa astarta Holz. Akwai duhu ja a kai. Eriya a gefen kambi mai launin ja. Jijiyoyin giciye na fuka-fuki suna da duhu tare da gefuna.
Sunan mahaifi Valkyrie = Mai tafiya Chrysopa McL. An rarraba a ko'ina, sai dai a Arewacin Nisa, Gabas mai Nisa da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya. Jijin giciye baƙar fata ne kawai a gefuna, wasu daga cikinsu kore ne.
Lacewing viridana = Chrysopa viridana Schn. An rarraba shi a cikin yankin steppe na Rasha da kuma a cikin Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya. A kan kai akwai aibobi a cikin nau'i na ratsan tsayi mai launin ruwan kasa.
lanƙwasa gumma = Chrysopa hummei Tjed. Sutures na thorax da sassan farko na ciki sun fi duhu kuma sun bambanta da bangon jiki. Akwai wuri mai duhu a gindin kafafun gaba.
Dasiptera lacewing = Chrysopa dasyptera McL. An rarraba shi a cikin jumhuriyar Transcaucasia da Caucasus, yankunan arewaci da tsakiyar Kazakhstan, da jamhuriyar Asiya ta Tsakiya. Kambi kala daya ne. An rufe fuka-fukan da gashi sosai. Manya-manyan kwari ne masu farauta.
Dubitan lacewing = Chrysopa dubitans McL. Rubutun (goshi) launi ɗaya ne. Akwai wurare biyu masu duhu a kan kambi. An faɗaɗa faratun tarsi sosai a gindi. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi. An samo shi akan amfanin gonakin kayan lambu.
Lu'u lu'u-lu'u = Chrysopa perla Steph. An rarraba ko'ina in ban da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya. A cikin Far East yana zaune a cikin Khabarovsk Territory. Jijiyoyin giciye a kan fuka-fuki gaba ɗaya baƙar fata ne; jijiya ɗaya baƙar fata ne kawai a gindi. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Green lacewing = Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. Akwai baƙar fata a kai. Eriyoyin suna da ƙarfi kore. Jijiyoyin fikafikai ba duka duhu ba ne. Comb (gonocrista) tare da manyan hakora. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Lacewing m = Chrysopa intima McL. Tsarin da ke kan kai yayi kama da jigon harafin X. Maza suna da ratsan duhu a gefe akan pronotum. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manya-manyan kwari suna cin nectar da pollen kuma su ne tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi
Lacewing na Sin = Chrysopus chinica/Chrysopa sinica Tj. Pronotum a cikin maza yana da ratsan duhu a gefe. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin nectar da pollen.
Kyawawan yadin da aka saka = Lacewing na Taiwan = Chrysopa Formosa Br. Rarraba a cikin gandun daji-steppe, wadanda ba chernozem, steppe zones; a arewa maso gabas; Ural; a Gabashin Siberiya da Transbaikalia; a Gabas Mai Nisa; a cikin Jamhuriyar Transcaucasia da Caucasus; a cikin Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya. Bayan kai da eriya launi iri ɗaya ne. Jijiyoyin fuka-fukai baƙar fata ne, tsutsa masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi. Ana samun su akan kayan lambu da kankana.
Lacewing waƙafi = Chrysopa commata Kiss et Uj. Sutures na thorax da sassan farko na ciki sun fi duhu kuma sun bambanta da bangon jiki. Akwai wuri mai duhu a gindin kafafun gaba. A cikin bayyanar ya bambanta kadan da lacewing Altai. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Lacewing magnicuda = Chrysopa magnicauda Tj. Tsuntsu yana da ƙananan hakora. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Lacewing nigricostata = Chrysopa nigricostata Br. Rarraba a cikin gandun daji-steppe zone, wadanda ba chernozem zone, steppe zone na Rasha da kuma a cikin jamhuriyoyin na tsakiyar Asiya. Akwai ƴan ƴaƴan santsi a kai. Antenna ne orange.
Lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea/Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. An rarraba ko'ina banda Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril. Kai kala daya ne. Clypeus da kunci suna iyaka da baki, sau da yawa tare da launin ja, gashi. Jijiyoyin fuka-fukai masu juye-juye ne kore. Alamar mazaje tana da launi iri ɗaya a tarnaƙi. Adult kwari overwinter. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manya suna cin nectar da pollen na shuke-shuke kuma suna pollinators. Adult kwari overwinter.
Lacewing mai tabo bakwai = Chrysopus septempunktata. /Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. An rarraba ko'ina. Akwai tabo guda bakwai a kai, wanda ya bambanta shi da sauran nau'in lacewing kuma ya ƙaddara sunansa. Wuraren da ke tsakanin eriya da ƙarƙashin eriya ba su da wuya a iya gani kuma suna iya haɗuwa a bango. Jiki kala daya ne. Mafi girma fiye da sauran nau'in wannan nau'in. Larvae masu farauta ne. Manyan kwari suna cin abinci nectar da pollen (ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki) kuma su ne masu shuka tsiro, galibi mafarauta. Prepupae overwinter a cikin kwakwa mai laushi.
Sogdinica lacewing = Chrysopa sogdinica McL. An rarraba a cikin jumhuriyar Asiya ta Tsakiya. Akwai ƙananan tabo guda huɗu akan kambi. Wurin da ke tsakanin eriya launi ɗaya ne. Ba a yi nazarin jinsin ba.
Tun 2014, yawan lacewings a cikin yankin Moscow ya karu sosai. Wannan ya zo daidai da karuwar adadin aphids, musamman aphids, wanda, saboda dumamar yanayi, ya fito daga greenhouses kuma ya yadu a cikin filayen. Tsire-tsire na Urushalima artichoke suna da kyau musamman ga lacewings, inda yawancin ƙananan kwari ke mayar da hankali kan saman da furanni, suna zama abinci a gare su.
Lacewings suna da matukar kula da aikin magungunan kashe qwari, don haka yakamata ku bi wannan hanyar sarrafa kawai a cikin matsanancin yanayi na mamayewar kwari-kamar mamayewar kwari.