Dangane da ka'idodin Tsaron Abinci, mai nuna alama (mai nuna alama) don samar da dankalin turawa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha bai kamata ya faɗi ƙasa da 95% na matakin wadatar da kai ba.
Yin la'akari da daidaiton buƙatu da tsarin da ake da shi na amfani da dankalin turawa a cikin ƙasar, gami da amfani da mutum (bisa ga ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki), amfani da tsaba, da kuma amfani da ɓangaren amfanin gona don sarrafawa da kiwo ga dabbobi. , Domin kiyaye matakin tsaro da ake buƙata, Rasha yakamata ta karɓi akalla tan miliyan 26 na dankali kowace shekara.
Dangane da kididdigar mu da lissafin mu na matsakaicin lokaci, don biyan bukatun ƙasar dankali, wajibi ne don tabbatar da: amfani da abinci a matakin 14 miliyan ton, don tsaba - kimanin tan miliyan 4, don dalilai na abinci - 5. ton miliyan, don sarrafawa - ton miliyan 1 (Table 1).
Hakanan muna iya tsammanin raguwar asarar da aka yi a lokacin ajiya zuwa tan miliyan 1,5, wanda yakamata a sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sabbin da sake gina ma'ajiyar dankalin turawa da kuma samar musu da tsarin zamani don kiyaye tsarin ajiya mafi kyau.
A cikin jimlar adadin dankalin da aka cinye, adadin da ake hasashen na shigo da kaya bai kamata ya wuce 1,5% (kimanin tan dubu 400 ba). Waɗannan su ne galibi farkon dankalin “matasa”, wanda buƙatun yawanci ke ƙaruwa a cikin Afrilu-Mayu (a cikin lokacin bazara, lokacin da hannun jarin girbin bara ya ƙare kusan, kuma aƙalla watanni biyu ya rage kafin fara samar da dankalin kasuwanci. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasashe irin su Masar, Isra'ila, China, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, da dai sauransu suna cika sosai. haƙiƙanin haɓakar samar da ita a yankunan kudancin ƙasar da ƙirƙirar tsarin dabarun zamani na yanki da na yanki don waɗannan dalilai, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci don ƙara yawan fitar da abinci da dankalin iri.
Abu ne mai yuwuwa yawan fitar da dankalin turawa zuwa kasashen waje zai karu, da farko a cikin kasashen Tarayyar Tattalin Arzikin Eurasia. Ya kamata a sauƙaƙe wannan ta matakan ƙara yawan kekunan da ke da sanyin isothermal da kuma rage farashin isar da motoci na musamman a cikin lokacin rani.
A cewar Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tarayya, yankin da ke karkashin dankali a cikin gonaki na kowane nau'i a cikin 2017 ya kai kadada dubu 2205, gami da rukunin kungiyoyin aikin gona (AHO) - kadada dubu 171, gonakin manoma (PFH) da daidaikun 'yan kasuwa (IE). ) - hekta dubu 129 kuma a cikin gidaje - hekta dubu 1606 (Table 2).
A lokaci guda, dangane da sakamakon farko na ƙidayar aikin gona na 2016, zamu iya magana game da gano manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin masu nuna kididdiga na hukuma da ainihin bayanai. A cikin shekaru 10, gidaje sun sami raguwa sosai a yankin da aka ware don noman dankali. Don haka, a cikin 2017, jimlar yanki a ƙarƙashin dankali a cikin filayen gidaje masu zaman kansu ya kai kadada dubu 971,1. Wannan bayanin, ba shakka, yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani dalla-dalla, kuma a nan gaba, yin gyare-gyare masu dacewa ga rahotanni.
Babban girbin dankali a gonaki na kowane nau'i a cikin 2017 bisa ga kididdigar hukuma, ya kai ton miliyan 29,6, gami da kungiyoyin aikin gona da gonaki masu zaman kansu - ton miliyan 6,8. Binciken mu ya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 10, rabon gidaje a noman dankalin turawa ya ragu daga 89% zuwa 76%, yayin da rabon kamfanonin noma ya karu daga 7 zuwa 14%, gidaje manoma (manoma) da daidaikun 'yan kasuwa - daga 4. zuwa 10,5% (hoto 1).
A bayyane yake, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, zamu iya tsammanin ƙarin raguwa a cikin rabon gidaje a cikin jimlar yawan samar da dankalin turawa zuwa matakin ton miliyan 16-18 (a cikin 2016 ya kasance tan miliyan 24,2, a cikin 2017 - 22,8 miliyan tons). kuma tasirinsu kan kasuwar dankalin turawa mai kasuwa zai ci gaba da raguwa. Ana iya samun yuwuwar haɓaka yawan samar da dankalin kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar noma, gonakin manoma da ƴan kasuwa guda ɗaya zuwa matakin tan miliyan 7-8 saboda haɓakar yawan amfanin ƙasa kuma wani ɓangare saboda faɗaɗa yankuna zuwa 305-310 dubu. kadada.
Abubuwan da aka annabta na matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona na dankalin turawa a nan gaba a cikin masana'antar noma ta amfani da fasahar zamani na iya daidaitawa a matakin 25-26 t / ha (a cikin 2017 - 25,8 t / ha). A cikin gonakin manoma, mai yuwuwa, yawan amfanin ƙasa zai kasance a cikin kewayon 20-22 t / ha (a cikin 2017 ya kasance 20,6 t / ha), wanda galibi saboda ƙarin kayan baya da tushe na fasaha na yawancin gonaki idan aka kwatanta da su. tare da sana’o’in noma, da ma duk wani abu da ya fi wahala manoman samun hayar kayan aiki, rancen banki, tallafin taki, man fetur da sauran albarkatu.
Ana iya sa ran cewa a cikin 2018. Jimillar yankin da ke ƙarƙashin dankali a cikin gonaki na kowane nau'i zai kasance kusa da ma'auni na shekarar da ta gabata kuma zai kai akalla kadada miliyan 1,27, ciki har da kungiyoyin aikin gona da gonakin manoma a matakin hectare dubu 300 kuma a cikin gidaje - 970. kadada. Cika waɗannan alamomin yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don hana yuwuwar raguwar samarwa, wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar rabon shigo da kayayyaki cikin jimillar ma'aunin dankalin turawa.
A cikin yanayi na zamani, ci gaba da samar da dankalin turawa mai girma ba zai yuwu ba ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da kungiyoyin noma na dankalin turawa, gonakin manoma (manoma) da kuma ’yan kasuwa masu inganci masu inganci iri-iri na manyan azuzuwan da haifuwa mafi girma. Dangane da haka, karuwar yawan kayan da ake samarwa da kuma ingantaccen ingantaccen nau'in dankalin turawa na asali da fitattun nau'ikan dankali na daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka sa a gaba wajen tabbatar da aiki mai inganci na masana'antar dankalin turawa.
Dangane da sakamakon sa ido na Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr", adadin dankalin iri da aka shuka a cikin gonaki na dukkan nau'ikan a cikin 2017 shine ton dubu 3613 (a cikin 2016 - 3803,4 tan dubu), gami da 743 da aka shuka a cikin kungiyoyin noma da gonakin manoma. ton dubu, a cikin gidaje - 2870 ton dubu. Sakamakon sa ido kan ingancin dankalin iri don biyan bukatun ma'auni (bisa ga Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi ta Tarayya "Rosselkhoztsentr") an nuna a cikin Table 3.
Wadannan bayanai sun nuna cewa an dasa kaso mai yawa na dankalin iri wadanda ba su cika ka'idoji ba a kowace shekara a cikin kungiyoyin noma da gidajen manoma (manoma).
Yin amfani da yuwuwar yuwuwar dankalin da ake da shi shima bai yi tasiri ba tukuna. A cikin 2017, an gabatar da nau'ikan dankalin turawa 428 a cikin Rajista na Nasarar Kiwo na Jiha da aka ba da izinin amfani da su, wanda 221 (52%) masu kiwon gida ne suka samar da su. A lokaci guda, rabon nau'ikan asalin gida a cikin jimlar yawan iri da aka shuka shine kawai 17,3%. Shugabanni dangane da adadin dankalin turawa iri ne irin su Gala (19,6%), Red Scarlett (13,8%), Nevsky (5,6%), Lady Claire (5,3%), Rosara (4,5%), Luck (4,1%), Zekura (2,3%), Veneta (2%). Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda 10, takwas na asalin kasashen waje ne kuma biyu ne kawai ke cikin kiwo na Rasha.
Shekaru goma da suka wuce, bisa ga sakamakon irin wannan bincike, nau'o'in gida guda hudu sun kasance a cikin manyan shugabannin biyar: Nevsky, Udacha, Lugovskoy, Elizaveta, kuma daya kawai na waje - Romano. Babban kaso na masu samo asali na kasashen waje a kasuwar dankalin turawa iri yana da ci gaba mai girma, wanda ke haifar da barazanar ci gaba da ƙaura daga nau'in Rashanci daga samarwa.
Ya zuwa yanzu, daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin yawan amfanin dankalin turawa a yankuna da yawa shine babban kamuwa da cuta na kayan iri tare da cututtukan phytopathogens. Wannan matsala ta zama ruwan dare ga masana'antun noma da dama, gonakin manoma da kuma musamman ga gidaje, inda ake amfani da noman dankalin turawa da yawa don dasa shuki, wanda galibi ke fama da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, fungal, cututtukan hoto.
Halayen nazarin halittu na dankali a matsayin amfanin gona mai yaduwa ta hanyar ciyayi suna ba da gudummawa ga saurin tarin cututtuka yayin haifuwar iri. Lamarin ya kara tabarbare ne ganin yadda masu noman dankalin turawa da yawa ba sa lura da warewar shuka iri, jujjuyawar amfanin gona, kuma ba sa daukar matakan kariya yadda ya kamata kuma a kan lokaci.
Tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki a cikin rabo na kundin na shuka dankali na Rasha da kuma kasashen waje iri ne sun fi mayar saboda gaskiyar cewa fasaha matakin na cikin gida da asali iri samar da fasaha da kayan aiki na masu rinjaye na ƙãga cibiyoyin na Rasha iri ne kawai ba kwatankwacin matakin cibiyoyin kiwon iri na yammacin Turai na zamani da kamfanoni. Dangane da haka, daukar ingantattun matakai na zamanantar da kayan masarufi da fasaha na kiwon dankalin turawa da samar da iri da kuma samar da cibiyoyin kiwon iri na zamani na zama daya daga cikin ayyukan gaggawa na bunkasa noman dankalin turawa a kasar Rasha.
A sa'i daya kuma, aiwatar da ayyukan zuba jari da nufin kirkirowa da (ko) sabunta wuraren aikin gona a cikin tsarin tsarin kimiyya da fasaha na tarayya don bunkasa aikin gona na 2017-2025 zai kasance mai matukar muhimmanci.
Halin da ake ciki a fannin tallafin kimiyya ga masana'antar noman dankalin turawa kuma yana buƙatar ingantaccen ci gaba. Wani fifiko na musamman ya kamata shi ne yadda ake amfani da sabbin fasahohin zamani don kiwo da samar da iri, da kara karfin gasa irin na kiwo a cikin gida da kuma kara habaka su zuwa samarwa.
Wannan, bi da bi, yana buƙatar haɓaka mai girma a matakin kimiyya da hanyoyin da kuma ƙara yawan aikin da aka yi bisa tushen cibiyoyin kimiyya a mafi mahimmancin fagage na asali da bincike mai amfani, gami da:
- ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka ba su halaye masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziƙi bisa tsarin kiwo na gargajiya da hanyoyin zamani na ma'auni da kiwo;
- samuwa da fadada tushen alamomin DNA, bincike da haɓaka sabbin alamomin DNA waɗanda suka wajaba don yin amfani mai yawa da inganci na zaɓin da ya dace;
- haɓaka fasahar kere kere na dankalin turawa, don samun nau'ikan genotypes tare da ƙayyadaddun halaye masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki don nazarin kiwo na gaba;
- kiyayewa, kiyayewa, haɓaka tarin kwayoyin halitta; Samar da tarin aiki don zaɓin sabbin nau'ikan cikin gida na nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri da ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi don amfanin gama gari don masu kiwo a kan haka;
- haɓaka hanyoyin da za a gano phytopathogens da ƙirƙirar tsarin gwaji mai mahimmanci dangane da fasahar PCR, immunoassay enzyme da nazarin immunochromatographic don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke kamuwa da dankali;
- aikace-aikace na zamani fasahar fasahar zamani da kuma meristem-nama fasahar don samu da kuma in vitro clonal micropropagation na abu; ƙirƙira a kan wannan asusun gasa na asali iri dankali na sabbin iri masu ban sha'awa;
- haɓaka ingantattun fasahohi don noma, girbi, adanawa da kariyar dankali daga ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Za'a iya amfani da gagarumin yuwuwar haɓakar ƙarar dankalin turawa a cikin rukunin gidaje na manoma (manoma) da ɗaiɗaikun 'yan kasuwa. Don haɓaka haɓakar noman dankalin turawa a cikin wannan fanni, yana da mahimmanci musamman don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tsakanin gonaki a cikin samarwa da rarraba abinci da dankalin iri (Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, duba mujallar "Tsarin Dankali" No. 4, 2017).
Gabaɗaya, ci gaba da bunƙasa noman dankalin turawa da ƙaruwar ingancinsa a gonaki na kowane nau'i zai dogara ne akan yadda za'a tabbatar da nasarar aiwatar da matakan fifiko, gami da:
- karuwa a fannin dashen dankalin turawa a cikin sassan kasuwanci (gonakin noma da manoma) zuwa kadada dubu 305-310, wanda, tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 25-26 t / ha, zai tabbatar da ingantaccen girbi mai girma na dankalin kasuwanci. wadannan nau'ikan gonaki a matakin akalla tan miliyan 7-8;
- karuwa a matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona na dankali a cikin rukunin gidaje na yawan jama'a zuwa 17-18 t / ha, wanda, ko da tare da ci gaba da raguwa a cikin wannan rukunin gonaki, zai samar da babban girbi na aƙalla 17-18. ton miliyan don biyan buƙatu na gaske, la'akari da kafuwar al'adun dogaro da kai a cikin dankali, wani muhimmin yanki na al'ummar ƙasar;
- haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da albarkatu iri-iri, da farko mafi kyawun nasarorin kiwo a cikin gida da samar da yanayi don ƙarin haɓakar adadin noma cikin sauri da haɓaka ingancin dankalin iri, gami da haɓaka da kawowa kasuwa sabbin nau'ikan kiwo na gida masu albarka;
- ƙware da tsananin bin tsare-tsare na fasaha na zamani da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa ta kimiyance don samar da dankalin iri na asali, fitattu da masu haifuwa;
- haɓaka matakin kasuwancin dankalin turawa ta hanyar amfani da kayan iri na gida masu inganci, ingantattun samfuran kariyar shuka da gabatar da sabbin fasahohin noma;
- haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa dankalin turawa da ƙarfafa aiwatar da ingantattun ayyukan saka hannun jari don ƙirƙirar masana'antar sarrafa manyan fasahohin zamani tare da samar da manyan nau'ikan samfuran dankalin turawa (soyan Faransa, guntu, busassun dankali, da sauransu). ;
- haɓaka kayayyakin more rayuwa na kasuwa don dankali da kayayyakin dankalin turawa, ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin dabaru na yanki da na yanki don siyar da abinci da dankalin iri da samfuran dankalin turawa;
- kara sha'awar bankunan zuba jari a fannin noma, gami da noma da sarrafa dankali.
Nasarar aiwatar da matakan fifiko na sama da kuma yanke shawara mai mahimmanci a nan gaba za su ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban masana'antu, tabbatar da ingantaccen samar da dankalin turawa, rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki, ƙirƙirar tsarin dabaru na zamani don haɓaka dankali da samfuran dankalin turawa na ingantaccen ingancin da ake samarwa a cikin gida. kasuwa.