A 2020 shekara Cibiyar Nazarin Dankali ta mai suna A.G. Lorha (har zuwa watan Agusta na shekarar da ta gabata - Cibiyar Nazarin Dukkan Rasha ta Dankali mai suna bayan A.G. Lorch) na bikin murnar cika shekara. Kuma wannan muhimmiyar rana ce ba kawai ga ma'aikatan wannan ƙungiyar mai daraja ba, al'ummar masu shayarwa da masu siyar da iri, har ma ga masana'antar baki ɗaya. A zahiri, muna yin bikin karrama-karba na tsarin ilimin gida don tsiro dankalin turawa. Game da yadda duk aka fara da kuma menene ayyukan Cibiyar ta warware a gaba, - a labarin Daraktan FIC su. Lorch Sergey Zhevora.
Daga yakin duniya na XNUMX har zuwa yau
- Gaya mana dan kadan game da tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin tattalin arzikin Dankali ta Duk-Rasha. A.G. Lorha. Dukkanin an fara da tashar tashar kiwo na Korenovskaya?
- Wataƙila a ɗan ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A farkon karni na 1914, dankali ya riga ya sami mahimmancin tattalin arziƙi ga Daular Rasha. Amma har ya zuwa lokacinda kasar ta shiga yakin duniya na farko, damar da za a iya sayen dankali na ketare daga kasashen waje ya takaita. A cikin waɗannan halayen, an yanke shawarar tsara a cikin XNUMX a cikin yankin Bronnitsky na lardin Moscow wani yanki na gwaji na musamman don al'adun dankalin turawa.
A lokacin juyin-bayan-bayan, duk da irin wahalar da ke tattare da ita, tambayar shirya filin gwaji na musamman don fara aiki kan zabin nau'in dankalin turawa na cikin gida an dauki shi a cikin mafi mahimmanci. An danƙa wa aikin bunkasa shirin don shirya filin jirgi ne ga Alexander Georgievich Lorkh, sannan wani matashi masanin kimiyyar Moscow (yana ɗan shekara 29 kawai). Kuma shi ne ya kasance a cikin Afrilu 1920 ya jagoranci aikin sabuwar Cibiyar Gwajin Yanki ta yanki, ɗayan ɓangarorin sune Sashen Kula da Dankali. A wannan shekarar, an tura sashen dankalin turawa zuwa gonar jihar Korenevo.
A cikin shekarar 1925 A.G. Lorch ya iya kawo wa Korenevo kayan aiki na musamman don ba da dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma wadataccen arziki (sama da samfurori 800) na nau'ikan kasashen waje, a kan abin da aikin zaɓi da bunƙasa fasahar namo dankalin turawa. Effortsoƙarin ya haifar da sakamako: irin nau'in dankalin Turawa na farko - Lorch da Korenevsky - an kirkiresu a cikin 1929. An ƙaddara shi don makoma mai daɗi da farin ciki, musamman ma aikin gona na Lorch: tsawon shekaru 40, yankunan da suke nomawa a Tarayyar Soviet suna da faɗi a cikin kadada dubu ɗari 500.
Baya ga kiwo kai tsaye, an shirya karatuttukan kan ilmin halittar dabbobi da halittar dankali a tashar; An yi nazarin halittar fure, an bayyana abubuwan da ke faruwa kuma aka bayyanar yanayin maye gurbi. A wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙiri ɓangaren ilimin cututtukan dabbobi, wanda aka gudanar da karatun cututtukan dankalin turawa. A karon farko a kasar, an fara aiki kan nau'ikan gwaji don jure cutar cancer dankalin turawa.
Ma'aikatan tashar sun kuma kirkiro wata hanya da ka'idoji don tsara gwajin yanki mai yawa na dankali.
Nasarar da masana kimiyyar suka samu sun nuna godiya sosai, kuma a cikin 1930 Aka canza tashar zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Dankali.
Tarihin Cibiyar ba sauki, kamar yadda tarihin ƙasar da ta yi aiki. Dole ne mu shawo kan matsalolin da suka faru a yakin da kuma bayan yakin, lokacin gyara. Amma ƙungiyar ta wuce dukkan gwaje-gwajen. Tare, masana kimiyya sun kirkiro sabon sani, iri, fasaha.
Ka tuna cewa a cikin shekarun 1990s, sanannun nau'ikan Luck ya bayyana. Bugu da kari, fasahar assayusorbent assayosorbent assayosorbent assay ya inganta kuma an gabatar dashi don tantancewa game da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, sannan kuma aka bullo da kuma gabatar da fasahar samar da iri mai dauke da kwayar cutar.
Kalubale na zamani. Nan gaba yana cikin shunayya
- Da fatan za a nuna manyan nasarorin ƙungiyar binciken ku a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
- A farkon 2000s a Cibiyar. An kafa Lorha Bank of Health Dankali iri daban-daban, wanda a halin yanzu yana samar da ingantaccen ingantaccen kayan abu ga kamfanonin da ke shuka iri a cikin Rasha.
A yau, Cibiyar binciken mu ta tabbatar da tarin kwayoyin halittar dankalin turawa. A halin yanzu, abin da ke ciki shine kusan kwayoyin halitta 700. Dangane da tarin, an ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Amfani da Colungiyoyin Gaskiya ta dace kuma tana aiki, wanda bayyane yake ga duk masu son gudanar da bincike kan al'adun dankalin turawa.
Har ila yau, masananmu suna haɓakawa da haɓaka fasahohi don samar da dankali, da nufin haɓaka yawan iri na gida, suna fitar da hanyoyin kariya dangane da sababbin magunguna.
Amma duk da haka, babban jagora a cikin ayyukan FIC ya kasance aikin kiwo. A kowace shekara, aƙalla sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa guda biyu waɗanda masanan mu suka haɗa a cikin su a cikin Rijistar Jiha na nasarorin da aka yarda don amfani da shi a Rasha. Wadannan nau'ikan basu da alaƙa da takwarorinsu na ƙasashen waje, wani lokacin ma har ma sun wuce su. Don haka, nau'in Gulliver yana da matukar kyau sosai, dangane da alamuran yawan amfanin ƙasa, ya mamaye yawancin ƙasashen Turai (ciki har da waɗanda aka haɗa cikin jerin shugabannin cikin sharuddan yankin namo a Rasha yau). An bambanta iri-iri ta hanyar ingantaccen ɗimbin inganci da siyayyar kasuwa.
Effortsarin ƙoƙari na ma'aikata na dankalin turawa na FIC su. Lorch an mai da hankali ne akan ƙirƙirar nau'ikan samfuri masu inganci tare da iyawa mai iya daidaitawa, da kuma nau'ikan "launuka" (shine, ɓangaren litattafan almara). An riga an shigar da ire-iren violet da Aurora Borealis a cikin Rijistar Jiha. Yawancin iri, kamar yadda suke faɗa, "a kan hanya." Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan daga na gargajiya shine cewa sun canza ra'ayin dankali azaman samfuran abinci. Gaba ɗaya an yarda cewa dankali ba kayan abinci bane. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'ikan - saboda babban abun ciki na bitamin C da antioxidants (anthocyanins) - ana iya amfani dasu a cikin abinci har ma da abinci mai warkewa.
Koyaya, idan aka nuna nau'in "launi" iri da har yanzu suna cin kasuwa (wanda babu shakka za su yi), to, nasarorin da dama na zaɓi na Cibiyar sun riga sun kasance cikin buƙatun barga. Da farko dai, muna magana ne game da sababbin nau'ikan Grand, Gulliver, Sadon waɗanda ke zama sananne a cikin masu samar da kayan gona. Wadannan nau'ikan suna biyan bukatun bukatun masu amfani, suna nuna kyakkyawan yanayin kasuwancin amfanin gona da ingancinsa.
Hadin gwiwa tare da masu noman rani
- Cibiyar Dankali ta kasance mai cigaba a dukkan manyan ayyukan da suka danganci zabin da iri da dankali keyi a kasar. Wanne daga cikinsu kuke la'akari?
- A tsawon shekarun kasancewar Cibiyar, ma'aikatanta sun shiga cikin farawa da haɓaka ayyukan da yawa na "dankalin turawa" a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma kowane irin wannan aikin, ba tare da la'akari da sikelin ba, ya kasance mai mahimmanci kuma yana da mahimmanci a gare mu.
A yau, mutane da yawa suna juya zuwa Cibiyar don taimako. Zan ambaci wurare biyu ne kawai da ake nema daga hadin gwiwarmu da masu samar da aikin gona. Na Farko: Cibiyar tana da nasa ƙananan tsiran tsirrai da ƙananan ƙananan iri iri na zaɓin nata, wadata abokan ciniki da ingantaccen iri na kayan. Kwanan nan, kowane tsari ya kasance tare da alamar kasuwancin Cibiyar, wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin samfuran.
Na biyu: a kan ci gaba mai gudana, Cibiyar tana daukar kwasa-kwasan horo ga ma'aikata na masana'antar da ke shuka iri, haka kuma taron karawa juna sani da tebur zagaye kan batutuwan da suka dace da kwararru. Cibiyar ta wallafa kayan tattara bayanai don tallafin kimiyya na masana'antar, ta tsara nunin nunin nasarorin nasarorin kimiyya.
Fitz dankalin turawa mai suna bayan A.G. Lorha
- Sunan hukuma na yau a Cibiyar Nazarin Dankali ta A.G. Federal Lorha (bayan sake tsarawa da samun dama ga VNIIKH na wasu sauran kungiyoyin kimiyya). Me yasa aka yi wannan? Menene ya canza a aikin duk waɗannan cibiyoyin?
- A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2019, Ministan Kimiyya da Ilimin Kimiyya na Tarayyar Rasha ya rattaba hannu kan sake tsara tsarin Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Duk-Rasha ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Kaluga zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Kostroma da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Leningrad Cibiyar Aikin Gona "Belogorka".
Manufar irin wannan sake tsarawa koyaushe shine ƙara yawan binciken da ake gudanarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da abin ya shafa, haɓaka aikin ma'aikata na ƙungiyoyin sake tsara su da kuma sabunta kayan su da fasaha. Kuma wannan burin zai cika. A yanzu, ba a gama gyaran tsari ba, amma ya riga ya shiga mataki na ƙarshe.
Sakamakon sake fasalin, Shirin Raya sabon Gari na Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kasa ta Dankali ta Dankali mai suna A.G. Lorha ”, wacce za ta bayyana ayyukan da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar suke fuskanta, alamun da za a buƙaci cimma ruwa, albarkatun da ake buƙata don hakan. Har yanzu shirin na ci gaba.
Koyaya, abu daya zan iya faɗi tabbatacce: duk ayyukan da aka gudanar a zaman wani ɓangare na sake tsarawa za'a aiwatar da su bisa girmamawa ga tarihin al'adun ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da aka sake tsarawa. Sunaye na tarihi da hanyoyin binciken gargajiya za'a kiyaye su. Hakanan, za'ayi aikin ne domin kiyaye yiwuwar wadannan kungiyoyi na kimiyya, gami da ma'aikata.
Subprogram "Ci gaba na zaɓi da iri iri dankali a cikin Rasha Federation"
- FIC su. Lorha ta shiga cikin aiwatar da tsarin "Tsarin zaɓi da iri iri na dankali a cikin Federationasar Rasha" na Programungiyar Tsarin Tarayya don Ci gaban Noma na Tarayyar Rasha na 2017-2025.Ka ba mu labarin nasarorin da Cibiyar ta samu a wannan fannin aikin..
- The Cibiyar aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da kimiyya da methodological aiki da za'ayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na subprogram "Ci gaban zaɓi da iri iri dankali a cikin Rasha Federation" na Tarayyar Turai kimiyya da fasaha Shirin ga Ci gaban Aikin Gona na 2017-2025.
Na lura cewa Subprogram da kanta ana gudanar da yawancin cibiyoyin bincike, kuma gudummawar kowannensu yana da mahimmanci.
Yayi wuri da wuri don ɗaukar wannan aikin - ana aiwatar da Subprogram ne kawai a shekara ta biyu - amma an riga an sami sakamako. Misali, an kirkiri sababbin dankali guda uku (gami da Gulliver, wanda aka ambata a sama). Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na yanayin ɗan adam da nau'ikan nau'ikan dankalin turawa (yawancin dubun iri da yawa sun wuce su). Mataki na gaba na aikin zai kasance gwajin samarwa, sakamakon wanda, na tabbata, zai zama tabbataccen tabbaci game da gasa da ire-iren ire-iren gida.
A cikin tsarin Tsarin Subprogram, ana ci gaba da aiki da yaduwar fasahar kere kere na dankalin Turawa da kuma samar da kayan iri da ba su da kwayar cutar. Ana inganta fasahohi don amfani da tsire-tsire na sararin samaniya don haɓaka sabbin irin dankali. Ana ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'ikan takin zamani da kayayyakin kariya na dankalin turawa.
A lokaci guda kuma, ana gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci game da alaƙar dankalin turawa. Don haka, sabbin alamomi masu daukar nauyin halaye masu mahimmanci ta hanyar tattalin arziki, an inganta hanyoyin CRISP / CAS9 don haɓaka amfani da su a cikin al'adun dankalin turawa, hanyoyin zaɓin masu taimaka wa masu alama.
Ya kamata a sani cewa nasarorin cibiyoyin sun mayar da hankali ne ga mai amfani na ƙarshe - waɗannan masana'antun aikin gona ne na kowane sikeli: daga ribar aikin gona zuwa ƙananan gonaki. Don haka, kowane mai aikin gona wanda ke da Intanet zai iya amfani da tsarin yanayin don ƙayyade haɗarin annobar fashewar balaguro ko koma zuwa tsarin bayanan Solanum Tuberosum, waɗanda aka kirkiro su don Subprogram.
Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa
- Faɗa mana game da haɗin gwiwar FIC tare da ƙungiyoyi na musamman na ƙasashen waje.
- Cibiyar tana aiki tukuru kan kirkirar alakar kimiyya tsakanin makiyaya dankalin gida da na kasashen waje. A zahiri, masana kimiyyarmu suna hulɗa tare da uku na nahiyoyi biyar ɗin da mutane suke zaune.
Na farko a cikin jerin abokai na kasashen waje, ba shakka, yakamata a kira shi Cibiyar Dankali ta Duniya (CIP). An ƙulla yarjejeniya mara iyaka akan haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha tsakanin wannan ƙungiyar da cibiyarmu, a cikin tsarin da ake yin musayar da sake tattara tarin albarkatun halittar dankalin turawa a kowace shekara tare da siffofin da ke da takamaiman halaye waɗanda suke da tsayayya da matuƙar damuwa da damuwa.
FRC kuma tana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin bincike "Agvenchur Exploiting B.V. Solynta (Netherlands) da Cibiyar Nazarin Dankalin Turawa da Ci gaban Dankalin Romania. Daga cikin abokan hadin gwiwar FIC daga kasashen Asiya, ya zama dole a nuna kwalejin Kimiyyar Noma ta Heilongjiang (Harbin, China), Cibiyar Kayan Lambu da Furanni ta Makarantar Koyon Aikin Gona ta Sin (Beijing, China), da K'abilan Biyetnam Cibiyar Aikin Gona (Hanoi, Vietnam).
Haɗin kai kuma yana haɓaka tare da ƙasashen Afirka: alal misali, yarjejeniya kan haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha tsakanin FIC da andungiyar Haɗin Samun Nationalasa (Angola) an kammala, a cikin tsarin abin da ake yin aiki don ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan dankali da kuma tsara fitattun iri.
Tabbas, ya kamata a lura da kasashen da ke kusa da kasashen waje. An kafa hulɗa ta kusa da Kazakhstan, Tajikistan da Uzbekistan. Ana gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu ilimin kimiyya na wadannan kasashe kan fannoni daban-daban: daga zabin sabbin nau'ikan dankali zuwa ga gabatar da ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan a cikin samar, da kuma bunkasa sabbin dabarun zamani na samar da dankali.
Shekarar cutar ƙwayar cuta
- Kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin tsare-tsaren don ranar bikin a cikin bikin tunawa da shekaru 100 na Cibiyar Binciken Dankali ta Tarayya. Faɗa mana abin da ya canza a cikin shirin?
- Na yi imani cewa duk abin da ya faru ya fi kyau! Cibiyar ta tilasta tilasta canza tsarin bikin tunawa da ranar tunawa, amma a sakamakon haka, mun sami halaye biyu a lokaci daya, biki biyu.
Za mu sadu da na farko a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2020 a barikinmu kusa da ƙauyen Kraskovo, inda za a gudanar da Yankin Filin Ranar Dankali Za a gabatar da nau'ikan dankalin turawa a wuraren gwaje-gwaje na Cibiyar, za a nuna sakamakon amfani da fasahar namo da tsarin kariya na dankalin turawa. Za kuma a gudanar da gasa ga manoma, wadanda suka yi nasara wadanda za su samu lambobin yabo da kyaututtuka masu mahimmanci.
Mataki na biyu za a gudanar da Satumba 28-29 a Moscow. A cikin tsarin ta, za a shirya taron Kimiyya na Kasa da Kasa (tare da halartar manyan masana kimiyya na waje da na gida), za a shirya nune-nunen da gabatar da nasarorin kimiyya da fasaha.
- Shekarar shekara ta nuna kyaututtuka. Wace kyauta Cibiyar za ta so karɓa domin ranar zagayen?
- Shekaru daya da suka gabata, muna da ra'ayin yin bikin karni na Cibiyar Dankali ta hanyar girka abin tunawa ga al'adun mafi mahimmanci a gare mu, wanda rawar tarihi a cikin abincin ɗan adam ke da daraja sosai a duk faɗin duniya. Abin takaici, har zuwa yanzu ba a sami isassun kuɗi don aiwatar da wannan aikin ba, amma ana kan aiki don nemo masu tallafawa. Amfani da wannan dama, Ina so in yi kira ga dukkanin kamfanonin da ke da dankalin Turawa tare da neman in bayar da tallafi wajen warware wannan batun.
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