Daga mujallar: No. 2 2014
Category: Yanki
Viktor Narushev, Doctor na Kimiyyar Noma, Farfesa na Sashen Shuka Shuka, Kiwo da Genetics, Jami'ar Agrarian Jihar Saratov mai suna N.I. Vavilov
Ana ɗaukar masana'antar noman dankalin turawa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwar masana'antar agro-masana'antu na yankin Volga. Ƙasa da yanayin yanayi na yankin Saratov gabaɗaya suna da kyau ga noman dankali, wanda ke ƙayyade mahimmancin tattalin arzikinta a yankin. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu gagarumin sauyi a noman dankalin turawa a yankin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Amfani da fasahohin da ke da karfin makamashi da karancin makamashi ya haifar da karuwar farashin noman dankalin turawa. Sakamakon haka, ma'aikatun gwamnati sun rage girman yankin da ke karkashin dankalin turawa da yawan nomansa. Don haka rabon kamfanonin noma da gonaki a samar da dankalin turawa a yankin Saratov ya ragu daga kashi 22% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 5% a shekarar 2012.
Halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu yana da mummunan tasiri ga barga samar da dankali ga mazauna birane, musamman a lokacin bazara-lokacin bazara, ya haifar da tabarbarewar ingancin samfuran, ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar ƙarancin dankalin gida idan aka kwatanta da samfuran daga samfuran. yankunan Penza, Tambov, Voronezh da sauran yankunan da ke kusa da Rasha, da kuma daga kasashen waje.
Duk da matsalolin haƙiƙa, abubuwan da ke biyo baya suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka samar da dankalin turawa a yankin:
- al'ada high da kuma dorewa amfani dankali da yawan jama'a;
- kyawawan yanayi da yanayin yanayi a mafi yawan yankin;
- high haihuwa na chernozem kasa a Dama Bank, arewa da kuma tsakiyar sassa na hagu Bank, inda zai yiwu a tsara barga samar da dankali a karkashin ban ruwa;
- bunkasa sufuri da kayan aikin bayanai;
- kasancewar haɗin kai don tallafin kimiyya na masana'antu daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Rasha ta Duk-Russian Farming (VNIIKH, yankin Moscow), Jami'ar Agrarian Jihar Saratov mai suna bayan. N.I. Vavilov", Cibiyar Bincike na Aikin Noma na Kudu-maso-Gabas da Penza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- aiwatar da manyan ayyukan zuba jari don haɓaka samarwa da inganta tsarin ajiyar dankalin turawa (a cikin Oktoba 2012, an kulla yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin Malino, wanda ke haɓaka fasahar noman dankalin turawa na zamani a yawancin yankuna na Rasha);
- ingantattun matakan tallafi na jihohi ga masu samar da dankalin turawa daga kasafin kudin yankin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antun aikin gona da gonaki sun lura da karuwar yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa idan aka kwatanta da gonakin gida (tebur). Duk da haka, yankunan da aka shuka ba su da yawa - a cikin 2012, a cikin masana'antun noma na yankin, an shuka dankali a kan wani yanki na hectare dubu 0,5 kuma a cikin K (F) H - 0,7 dubu hectares. Kawai a cikin gonaki biyar da dankalin turawa sown yankin ya fiye da 50 hectare (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC a Krasnokutsk gundumar, Rubin gona a Bazarno-Karabulak gundumar, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. manoma gona da Kryuchkova MP. gona. " Engels yankin). A cikin 2013, fiye da 35 manyan, matsakaici da ƙananan masana'antun noma sun tsunduma cikin noman dankalin turawa a yankin Saratov. A lokaci guda, tuni a cikin gonaki takwas yankin dankalin turawa ya wuce hekta 50.
Dynamics na samar da dankalin turawa a cikin yankin Saratov
Alamar | 2011 g | 2012 g | 2013 |
Yankin noman dankalin turawa, kadada dubu | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Yawan dankalin turawa, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
Babban girbin dankalin turawa, ton dubu | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Ci gaba da bunkasa noman dankalin turawa ya kamata a yi niyya don samarwa al'ummar biranen yankin da kayayyaki masu inganci, da farko a lokacin bazara-lokacin bazara. Yawan amfani da dankalin turawa a cikin wannan lokacin, bisa ga ma'auni na likita (95 kg a kowace shekara), zai iya wuce tan dubu 60,0. Daga tan dubu 10 zuwa 20 na dankali ana shigo da su cikin yankin a kowace shekara, wani muhimmin sashi na wanda za a iya samar da shi a gonakin dankalin turawa a yankin. Haka kuma wani muhimmin sharadi na bunkasa noman dankalin turawa a yankin ya kamata ya kasance tsara tsarin adanawa, sarrafa shi da sayar da shi.
A cikin yanayin kasuwa na zamani, yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don samar da dankali mai inganci ba, har ma don adana su har zuwa sabon girbi, don ba da samfuran bayyanar kasuwa, da samar da manyan batches don tabbatar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. . Ana iya cika wannan idan an sami ingantaccen tsarin ajiya da sarrafawa.
A halin yanzu, a cikin yankin babu isassun wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa na musamman da ke da injina, iskar iska mai aiki da tsarin kula da yanayi. Ana adana dankalin turawa a cikin shagunan kayan lambu ko wuraren ajiyar da suka wuce. Mafi girman wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa na zamani, wanda aka kirkira a cikin 2008-2012, yana aiki a cikin gonakin manoma "Shcherenko P.Yu." da kuma gonakin manoma "Kryuchkova MP." Engels yankin.
Masu kera dankali kai tsaye suna da damar ajiyar dankalin turawa na kusan tan dubu 10. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa ana rarraba wuraren ajiya ba daidai ba tsakanin masu kera kayayyaki: 12 cikin 35 manya, matsakaita da kanana masu sana'ar dankalin turawa suna da su. A bayyane yake cewa wuraren ajiyar da ake da su ba su isa ba don adadin da aka tsara na samar da dankalin turawa.
Ƙirƙirar sabbin ɗakunan ajiya na fuskantar cikas saboda tsadar ginin su. Kudin gina wurin ajiyar dankalin turawa tare da adadin ton dubu 1,5-2 ya kai 11-12 miliyan rubles, tare da adadin 3-3,5 dubu ton - 22-23 miliyan rubles.
Gaba daya babu kamfanonin sarrafa dankalin turawa a yankin da za su taimaka wa masu noma wajen siyar da kayayyaki yadda ya kamata, kamar yadda yake faruwa a kasashen Holland, Jamus, Denmark, Faransa, Amurka da sauran kasashe da dama.
Domin bunkasa dankalin turawa girma a cikin yankin, da manufa shirin "Ƙara dankalin turawa a cikin Saratov yankin na 2013-2013" da aka ɓullo da a 2015. Aiwatar da shirin ya tanadi haɓaka a hankali a cikin adadin dankalin da ake nomawa bisa hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha na zamani, haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da yawan samar da dankalin turawa, samar da sabon kayan aiki da tushe na fasaha a cikin gonakin dankalin turawa. da kuma samar da karin ayyukan yi.
A cikin 2013-2015, gwamnatin yankin Saratov ta yi shirin ba da taimako ga kungiyoyin noma da gonakin da ke aikin noman dankalin turawa wajen samun injuna da kayan aiki, iri da takin ma'adinai, da dai sauransu, wanda zai tabbatar da karuwar yawan amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa ta hanyar. 2015 idan aka kwatanta da 2012 da 2013 ta 1,9 da 1,5 sau, bi da bi.
Aiwatar da matakan tallafi na jihohi don noman dankalin turawa tare da kashe kasafin kudin yankin Saratov zai taimaka wajen haɓaka sha'awar saka hannun jari na wannan masana'antar don masana'antar noma da gonaki.
1. Gudanar da m rarraba dankali a cikin yankin da girma na amfani, optimizing da jeri iri da kuma shirya Elite iri samar.
An shirya noman dankali a cikin ƙasa mai ruwan sama a Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky da sauran yankuna na Bankin Dama. A cikin m Left Bank, ban ruwa filayen gonaki a Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky da sauran gundumomi za a kasaftawa ga dankalin turawa samar.
Mafi amfani da dacewa da ƙasa da yanayin yanayi na yankin sune nau'ikan dankalin turawa na musamman waɗanda ke jure fari da masu shayarwa na gida na Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Rasha da Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Penza musamman don yankin Volga. A lokaci guda, don tsawaita sharuɗɗan amfani, ana bada shawara don shuka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan girma - farkon ripening iri don cin rani; tsakiyar kakar - don kaka; marigayi-ripening - don amfani a cikin hunturu da farkon bazara.
2. Kungiyar samarda fitattun zuriya a cikin yankin.
Za a haɓaka samar da iri na dankalin turawa na Elite a cikin ƙungiyoyin noma na microzone na Arewa na Babban Bankin Dama, inda babu yuwuwar amfanin amfanin gona ya kamu da cututtukan hoto da kuma amfani da fasahar samar da iri na ci gaba (dasa lokacin rani, ciyawa iri-iri, tsarin kariyar tsire-tsire, hadedde. da sauransu). Kwararru daga VNIIKH da Jami'ar Agrarian ta Jihar Saratov za su ba da tallafin kimiyya don samar da iri. Don haɓaka samar da iri na yanki, ya zama dole, da farko, don ƙirƙirar yanayi don siyar da irin nau'in dankalin turawa waɗanda masu shayarwa na gida suka kirkira.
3. Gabatar da sabbin dabarun bada kayan masarufi na zamani don bunkasa dankali.
Babban abin da ke faruwa a cikin aiwatar da shirin shi ne bullo da fasahohin zamani don noman dankali bisa tsarin nazarin halittu da adana albarkatu. Dole ne a bambanta su dangane da ƙasa da yanayin yanayi na microzones daban-daban na yankin da kayan aiki da tushe na fasaha na gonaki.
Biologized fasaha ya shafi namo na perennial ciyawa da kore taki, da yin amfani da nazarin halittu kayayyakin lura da tubers da dankalin turawa amfanin gona (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, da dai sauransu), wanda ya sa ya yiwu a rage aikace-aikace na ma'adinai da takin gargajiya yayin da ake kiyaye ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta da takin ƙasa. Yin amfani da shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu don kariyar shuka (boverine, trichogramma, da dai sauransu) zai rage farashin magungunan kashe qwari da kuma tabbatar da samar da samfurori masu dacewa da muhalli. Don rage tasirin damuwa na fari a yankinmu, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman na rigakafin damuwa.
4. M sabbin masana'antu na dankalin turawa.
Don gudanar da noman dankalin turawa na zamani a yankin, an shirya samar wa gonakin masu noman noma da injuna masu amfani da albarkatu da makamashi da kayan aiki don samarwa, rarrabawa da adana tubers, la'akari da halaye na nau'ikan gudanarwa daban-daban. Babban ma'auni don zaɓar kayan aiki: amintacce, haɓakawa, samuwan kayan gyara da garantin sabis na gaggawa.
5. Haɓaka yankin dankalin turawa da aka yi ban ruwa ta hanyar maido da abubuwan da ake da su da ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren ban ruwa.
Shuka dankali a ƙarƙashin ban ruwa ba kawai yana rage haɗarin yanayi ba, amma har ma yana ƙaruwa da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin samarwa. Abubuwan da ake samu daga filayen dankalin turawa na ban ruwa sun ninka sau biyu fiye da na filayen makamancin haka ba tare da ban ruwa ba, kuma yawan aikin aiki da ingancin amfani da kayan aiki da kayan fasaha, gami da takin zamani, ya karu sau uku zuwa biyar.
Tare da tartsatsi na zamani na na'urorin ban ruwa na Fregat da Volzhanka na yanzu, a cikin yankunan da ƙasa na haske da matsakaicin rubutu, an tsara shi don ƙarin rayayye canzawa zuwa tsarin ban ruwa na ceton albarkatu na zamani - ƙananan nau'in nau'in drum, mai kyau tarwatsa kuma drip ban ruwa.
6. Sake ginawa da gina sabbin wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa.
Don samar da yawan jama'ar yankin Saratov tare da dankali a duk shekara, ana ba da shawarar gina wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa na zamani tare da damar akalla ton dubu 40 na tubers, sanye take da tsarin samun iska, kula da yanayi da kuma hanyoyin sarrafa kaya da saukarwa. na samfurori.
A manyan wuraren ajiyar dankalin turawa, za a ƙirƙiri masana'antu na firamare (kayan da aka gama rabin-kalla) da zurfin (giya, sitaci, kwakwalwan kwamfuta, fries na Faransa, da sauransu) sarrafa dankali. Ana shirin haɓaka wannan yanki a cikin tsarin yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin Malino.
7. Samar da cibiyoyi na dabaru don ajiya, sarrafawa da sayar da dankali daga masu noma na gida.
Haɓaka cibiyoyin dabaru za su ƙara haɓaka ƙwarewar dankalin turawa daga masu samar da aikin gona na gida.
8. Koyarwar kwangilar da aka yi niyya na kwararru.
Makarantar horar da kwangilar da aka yi niyya na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun dankalin turawa za a gudanar da ita ta Jami'ar Agrarian ta Jihar Saratov, wacce ma'aikatan koyarwa a halin yanzu ke horar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana'antu na masana'antu. Yana yiwuwa a horar da gungun masana na musamman a fagen noman dankalin turawa.
9. Inganta cancantar kwararru daga kungiyoyin aikin gona da shugabannin masana'antun noma masu hannu a noman dankalin turawa.
Shirin yana ba da horo na shekara-shekara na masu noman dankalin turawa a kwasa-kwasan da aka shirya a cikin hunturu a cibiyar horarwa a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kasafin Kuɗi ta Tarayya ta Babban Ilimin ƙwararru "Jami'ar Agrarian Jihar Saratov mai suna bayan. N.I. Vavilov" tare da yankin ICS.
A lokacin noman dankalin turawa, an shirya gudanar da wasu tarurrukan karawa juna sani na kimiyya da na aiki bisa manyan gonakin da ake noman dankalin turawa a yankin, da nufin ba da horo da musayar gogewa tsakanin mahalarta taron. A matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin yanki na shekara-shekara da nunin "Ranar filin", manajoji da ƙwararrun masana'antar noman dankalin turawa za su saba da sabbin nau'ikan injunan noma da aiwatarwa da kuma nau'ikan dankalin turawa.